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    Research Article

    Agar-Based Composite Films as Effective Biodegradable Sound Absorbers
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    • Surendra Kumar
      Surendra Kumar
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
      More by Surendra Kumar
    • Kousar Jahan
      Kousar Jahan
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
      More by Kousar Jahan
    • Abhishek Verma
      Abhishek Verma
      Design Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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    • Manan Agarwal
      Manan Agarwal
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
      More by Manan Agarwal
    • C. Chandraprakash*
      C. Chandraprakash
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
      *Email: [email protected] Phone: +91-512-259-6743.
      More by C. Chandraprakash
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-0932
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    ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

    Cite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 26, 8242–8253
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00168
    Published June 23, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    We investigated the use of seaweed-derived agar-based composite films as sound absorbers. Nonporous and porous films of varying concentrations of agar (1% to 5% w/v) and their composite films with glycerol (5% w/w) as the plasticizer and nanocrystalline cellulose (2% to 10% w/w) as the reinforcement material were fabricated. Porous films, of about 80% porosity, were obtained by a freeze-drying technique and nonporous films by drying in a hot air oven. Scanning electron microscopy study showed that porous films had interconnected walls with a pore size of 10 μm. Measured acoustic absorption coefficients using the two-microphone transfer function method revealed that the porous films were effective in sound absorption. The films of 5% w/v agar concentration had the highest sound absorption. The addition of glycerol enhanced sound absorption, due to the damping nature induced by it, whereas the addition of nanocrystalline cellulose to the glycerol-added films did not alter its acoustic properties.

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00168.

    • SEM images of porous agar films of varying concentrations and porous agar-gly film (Figure S1), variation of thickness of nonporous films of agar, agar-gly, and agar-gly-NCC fabricated with same concentration of agar (Figure S2), summary of moisture absorption of different films under different percentages of relative humidity (Table S1), details of acoustic measurements, including calculation of absorption coefficients and phase mismatch detailed and acoustic absorption coefficients of nonporous agar–glycerol and agar–glycerol–NCC films (Figures S3 and S4) (PDF)

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    This article is cited by 12 publications.

    1. Brij Mohan Bharti, Thiruvelu Bhuvana, C. Chandraprakash. Burst and Physicochemical Characteristics of Glycerol-Added Chitosan Films for Food Packaging. ACS Food Science & Technology 2023, 3 (4) , 772-780. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00020
    2. Gul-E-Nayyab, Mohd Rezuwan Shah Bin Zakaria, Monis Bin Abid, Aisha Shamim, Siti Samahani Suradi, Noraini Binti Marsi, Faridah Bt Kormin. A Review on Biodegradable Composite Films Containing Organic Material as a Natural Filler. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2025, 35 (3) , 2126-2161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-024-03217-x
    3. Wilson Thau Lym Yong, Aliyah Madihah Asran, Syafiqah Syazwani Jaffar, Ming She See, Vun Yee Thien, Mailin Misson, Suryani Saallah, Nyuk Ling Ma, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues. Seaweed-Based Biomaterials for Emerging Biotechnological Applications. 2025, 75-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0519-4_4
    4. Muffarih Shah, Abdul Hameed, Muhammad Kashif, Noor Majeed, Javariya Muhammad, Nasrullah Shah, Touseef Rehan, Abbas Khan, Jalal Uddin, Ajmal Khan, Hamdy Kashtoh. Advances in agar-based composites: A comprehensive review. Carbohydrate Polymers 2024, 346 , 122619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122619
    5. Kousar Jahan, Darieo Thankachan, Kaushal Shakya, Nitisha Mehrotra, Nimish C.S., Vivek Verma. Removal of heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, and Cd2+) from multimetal simulated wastewater using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane grafted agar porous cryogel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024, 282 , 136784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136784
    6. Zhenhua Hou, Xiaoying Ma, Liai Pan, Rui Zhang, Libo Wang. Study on the sound absorption characteristics and noise reduction mechanism of coconut-shell-activated carbon particles and coconut fiber composite biomass sound-absorption materials. Materials Research Express 2024, 11 (11) , 115603. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad923f
    7. Nitisha Mehrotra, Thiruvelu Bhuvana, Anjali Tiwari, C. Chandraprakash. Aerogel‐like biodegradable acoustic foams of bacterial cellulose. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2024, 141 (35) https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55881
    8. Haojie Ni, Huatao Li, Wenna Hou, Jian Chen, Song Miao, Yanbo Wang, Huan Li. From sea to sea: Edible, hydrostable, and degradable straws based on seaweed-derived insoluble cellulose fibers and soluble polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers 2024, 334 , 122038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122038
    9. O. V. Vigneswar, C. Chandraprakash. Theory and inverse design of microperforated panels comprising arbitrary axial pore profiles for broadband low-frequency sound absorption. Journal of Applied Physics 2024, 135 (13) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0191938
    10. Keerthi Bikumalla, Thiruvelu Bhuvana, Anjali Tiwari, C. Chandraprakash. Binder‐free, non‐carcinogenic surfactant‐based cellulose‐rich bagasse foams as acoustic panels. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2024, 141 (11) https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55096
    11. Thiruvelu Bhuvana, Anjali Tiwari, C. Chandraprakash. Green fabrication of cellulose-rich agricultural residues for scalable and biodegradable acoustic boards. Industrial Crops and Products 2023, 204 , 117404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117404
    12. Cong Yang, Joyce Cavalcante, Bárbara Bastos de Freitas, Kyle J. Lauersen, Gyorgy Szekely. Crude algal biomass for the generation of thin-film composite solvent-resistant nanofiltration membranes. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023, 470 , 144153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.144153
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    ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

    Cite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 26, 8242–8253
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00168
    Published June 23, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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