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    Counting the Number of Glutamate Molecules in Single Synaptic Vesicles
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    • Yuanmo Wang
      Yuanmo Wang
      Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
      More by Yuanmo Wang
    • Hoda Fathali
      Hoda Fathali
      Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
      More by Hoda Fathali
    • Devesh Mishra
      Devesh Mishra
      Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
      Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
      More by Devesh Mishra
    • Thomas Olsson
      Thomas Olsson
      Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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    • Jacqueline D. Keighron
      Jacqueline D. Keighron
      Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
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    • Karolina P. Skibicka
      Karolina P. Skibicka
      Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
      Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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    • Ann-Sofie Cans*
      Ann-Sofie Cans
      Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
      *[email protected]
      More by Ann-Sofie Cans
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3059-2399
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    Journal of the American Chemical Society

    Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 44, 17507–17511
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b09414
    Published October 23, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Analytical tools for quantitative measurements of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, are lacking. Here, we introduce a new enzyme-based amperometric sensor technique for the counting of glutamate molecules stored inside single synaptic vesicles. In this method, an ultra-fast enzyme-based glutamate sensor is placed into a solution of isolated synaptic vesicles, which stochastically rupture at the sensor surface in a potential-dependent manner at a constant negative potential. The continuous amperometric signals are sampled at high speed (10 kHz) to record sub-millisecond spikes, which represent glutamate release from single vesicles that burst open. Glutamate quantification is achieved by a calibration curve that is based on measurements of glutamate release from vesicles pre-filled with various glutamate concentrations. Our measurements show that an isolated single synaptic vesicle encapsulates about 8000 glutamate molecules and is comparable to the measured exocytotic quantal glutamate release in amperometric glutamate sensing in the nucleus accumbens of mouse brain tissue. Hence, this new methodology introduces the means to quantify ultra-small amounts of glutamate and to study synaptic vesicle physiology, pathogenesis, and drug treatments for neuronal disorders where glutamate is involved.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09414.

    • Additional data including lipid vesicle current spike kinetics, frequency of vesicle rupture at different applied potentials with time, and kinetics of amperometric spike in rat brain and experimental methods, including Figures S1–S3 and Tables S1–S6 (PDF)

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    Journal of the American Chemical Society

    Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 44, 17507–17511
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b09414
    Published October 23, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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