ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Visualizing the Toughening Mechanism of Nanofiller with 3D X-ray Nano-CT: Stress-Induced Phase Separation of Silica Nanofiller and Silicone Polymer Double Networks

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Macromolecules 2017, 50, 18, 7249-7257
    Article

    Visualizing the Toughening Mechanism of Nanofiller with 3D X-ray Nano-CT: Stress-Induced Phase Separation of Silica Nanofiller and Silicone Polymer Double Networks
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    View Author Information
    † National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
    ‡ State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
    § Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
    *E-mail [email protected] (L.L.).
    *E-mail [email protected] (L.C.).
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    Macromolecules

    Cite this: Macromolecules 2017, 50, 18, 7249–7257
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00539
    Published September 8, 2017
    Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    Adding silica nanofiller in silicone rubber can toughen the matrix 3 orders in terms of fracture energy, which is far larger than most other nanofiller–rubber systems. To unveil the astonishing toughening mechanism, we employ in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray nanocomputed tomography (Nano-CT) technique with high spatial resolution (64 nm) to study the structural evolution of silica nanofiller in silicone rubber matrix at different strains. The imaging results show that silica nanofiller forms three-dimensional connected network, which couples with silicone chain network to construct a double-network structure. Stress-induced phase separation between silica nanofiller and silicone polymer chain networks is observed during tensile deformation. Unexpectedly, though the spatial position and morphology of nanofiller network changes greatly at large strains, the connectivity of nanofiller network shows negligible reduction. This indicates that nanofiller network undergoes destruction and reconstruction simultaneously, during which silica nanofiller serves as reversible high functionality cross-linker. The reversible bonding between silica nanofiller and silicone rubber or between nanofiller particles can dissipate mechanical energy effectively, which may account for the 3 orders enhancement of toughness.

    Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00539.

    • Movies of structural evolution about filler network at different strains (ZIP)

    Terms & Conditions

    Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. The American Chemical Society holds a copyright ownership interest in any copyrightable Supporting Information. Files available from the ACS website may be downloaded for personal use only. Users are not otherwise permitted to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or sell any Supporting Information from the ACS website, either in whole or in part, in either machine-readable form or any other form without permission from the American Chemical Society. For permission to reproduce, republish and redistribute this material, requesters must process their own requests via the RightsLink permission system. Information about how to use the RightsLink permission system can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Citation Statements
    Explore this article's citation statements on scite.ai
    powered by  Scite

    This article is cited by 59 publications.

    1. Wen-Jian Zhang, Meng-Xin Fan, Jia-Qing Li, Xiao-Yu Cao, Jian-Chun Jiang, Zi-Xuan Chang, Wei Bai, Ren-Man Zhu, Chun-Yan Hong. Oil-Soluble and Core-Cross-linked Fibrous Nanofillers with Excellent Comprehensive Performances Generated by In Situ Cross-linking Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2025, 7 (10) , 6326-6336. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.5c00794
    2. Yuting Wang, Wei Jiang, Keran Zhu, Huasheng Yuan, Zhenlin Luo, Jian Wang, Liang Chen. Rubber–Filler Interactions in Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Composites Studied by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2025, 129 (20) , 5047-5053. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c00494
    3. Xiaoning Hou, Zhu Xia, Zhanwei Feng, Linyu Li, Hang Zheng, Chenxi Bai. Tough and Recyclable Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Elastomers Based on the Stress-Induced Phase Separation Strategy. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2025, 7 (9) , 5491-5500. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.5c00236
    4. Lixian Song, Shalin Patil, Yingze Song, Liang Chen, Fucheng Tian, Le Chen, Xueyu Li, Liangbin Li, Shiwang Cheng. Nanoparticle Clustering and Viscoelastic Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites with Non-Attractive Polymer–Nanoparticle Interactions. Macromolecules 2022, 55 (17) , 7626-7636. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00689
    5. Yongfeng Liu, Chenyu Wang, Rebecca M. Jarrell, Sithara Nair, Kenneth J. Wynne, Duolong Di. Icephobic, Pt-Cured, Polydimethylsiloxane Nanocomposite Coatings. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (9) , 11180-11189. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20989
    6. Jingyun Zhao, Pinzhang Chen, Yuanfei Lin, Wei Chen, Ai Lu, Lingpu Meng, Daoliang Wang, Liangbin Li. Stretch-Induced Intermediate Structures and Crystallization of Poly(dimethylsiloxane): The Effect of Filler Content. Macromolecules 2020, 53 (2) , 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02141
    7. Shuanhu Qi, Jiajia Zhou, Friederike Schmid. Shear Modulus of an Irreversible Diblock Copolymer Network from Self-Consistent Field Theory. Macromolecules 2019, 52 (24) , 9569-9577. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01985
    8. Jingyun Zhao, Pinzhang Chen, Yuanfei Lin, Jiarui Chang, Ai Lu, Wei Chen, Lingpu Meng, Daoliang Wang, Liangbin Li. Stretch-Induced Crystallization and Phase Transitions of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) at Low Temperatures: An in Situ Synchrotron Radiation Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Study. Macromolecules 2018, 51 (21) , 8424-8434. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01872
    9. Kabir Rishi, Gregory Beaucage, Vikram Kuppa, Andrew Mulderig, Vishak Narayanan, Alex McGlasson, Mindaugas Rackaitis, Jan Ilavsky. Impact of an Emergent Hierarchical Filler Network on Nanocomposite Dynamics. Macromolecules 2018, 51 (20) , 7893-7904. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01510
    10. Xin Yao, Hong Chen, Haili Qin, Qi-Hang Wu, Huai-Ping Cong, Shu-Hong Yu. Solvent-adaptive hydrogels with lamellar confinement cellular structure for programmable multimodal locomotion. Nature Communications 2024, 15 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-53549-y
    11. Naru Okawa, Nozomu Ishiguro, Shuntaro Takazawa, Hideshi Uematsu, Yuhei Sasaki, Masaki Abe, Kyosuke Ozaki, Yoshiaki Honjo, Haruki Nishino, Yasumasa Joti, Takaki Hatsui, Yukio Takahashi. Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Imaging of SiO2 Nanofiller in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber with High-Resolution and High-Sensitivity Ptychographic X-ray Computed Tomography. Microscopy and Microanalysis 2024, 30 (5) , 836-843. https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozae094
    12. Yu-Qi Xiong, Chang-Lin Li, Ai Lu, Liang-Bin Li, Wei Chen. Conformational Disorder Within the Crystalline Region of Silica-Filled Polydimethylsiloxane: A Solid-State NMR Study. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2024, 42 (11) , 1780-1792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-024-3164-y
    13. Qiuyu Long, Longjin Huang, Xueyan Zhao, Yuying Li, Yewei Xu, Yi Sun, Chunhua Zhu, Yu Liu. Fraction-dependent filler network in silicone rubber: Unraveling abrupt enhancement in rheological properties via solvent extraction and DLS study. Composites Science and Technology 2024, 258 , 110895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110895
    14. Yuquan Li, Yuqi Xiong, Ming Kang, Fengmei Yu, Ai Lu. Quantitative Study on Reinforcing Mechanism of Nanofiller Network in Silicone Elastomer Based on Fluorescence Labeling Technology. Polymers 2024, 16 (19) , 2829. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192829
    15. Atsushi Kato, Takanori Itoh, Hirobumi Minoura, Norio Saito, Naoya Amino, Ken Nakajima, Makiko Ito, Kazuhiko Fujimori, Yoshimasa Urushihara. TREATMENT FOR REMOVING ZN COMPOUNDS FROM SILICA-FILLED VULCANIZED RUBBER AND ANALYSIS OF SILICA AGGREGATE DISPERSION. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 2024, 97 (3) , 343-370. https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.23.00046
    16. Boyuan Chen, Yingcheng Hu. Hierarchical aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers and long-chain polymers for enhancing oil–water separation efficiency. Materials Today Nano 2024, 26 , 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2024.100469
    17. Yuting Wang, Wei Jiang, Keran Zhu, Lihui Wu, Liang Chen. Effects of Carbon Black Surface Modification on the Morphology and Properties in Blends with Natural Rubber Studied with High‐Resolution X‐Ray Computed Tomography. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2024, 309 (5) https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202400019
    18. Jing-Jing Han, Cheng-Sha Wei, Ai Lu, Kun Song, Qian Zhang, Guang-Ai Sun, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Zhong-Ming Li, Dong Liu. Visualizing filler network to reveal structural mechanisms on energy dissipation of Mullins effect in silicone rubber. Polymer 2024, 301 , 127044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2024.127044
    19. Weikang Xian, You-Shu Zhan, Amitesh Maiti, Andrew P. Saab, Ying Li. Filled Elastomers: Mechanistic and Physics-Driven Modeling and Applications as Smart Materials. Polymers 2024, 16 (10) , 1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101387
    20. Mabkhoot A. Alsaiari, Mohamed Morsy, Mona Samir, Abdulaziz Al-Qahtani, Rami Aslsaiari, Ali Alsaiari, Elbadawy A. Kamoun, Ahmed I. Ali, Galal H. Ramzy. Advantages incorporating V 2 O 5 nanoparticles into PMMA composite membranes for the structural, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties for conductive polymeric membrane applications. Materials Advances 2024, 5 (8) , 3297-3308. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MA01108A
    21. Qixing Gan, Lixian Song, Yang Wang, Qingxi Yuan, Wanxia Huang, Yutian Zhu, Youju Huang, Yingze Song. Towards flexible and healable strain sensors via a modulated interface between Ti3C2 MXene and epoxidized natural rubber. Nano Energy 2024, 120 , 109141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109141
    22. Alexander Sokolov, O. K. Garishin, A. L. Svistkov. SIMULATION OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN FILLED ELASTOMERS. Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal 2024, 15 (2) , 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1615/NanoSciTechnolIntJ.2023043909
    23. Yang Hu, Yuquan Cai, Jiao Wei, Zhiping Yin, Hong Fan. Design and preparation of novel silicon rubber with homogeneous crosslinking network and its application in high-performance SR/EPDM blend. European Polymer Journal 2023, 198 , 112381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112381
    24. Li-Zhao Huang, Chao-Wen Yang, Kun Song, Ting-Ting Yang, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Guang-Ai Sun, Zhong-Ming Li, Dong Liu. Effects of various filler surfaces on tuning the hierarchical structures and reinforcement of silicone rubbers. Surfaces and Interfaces 2023, 41 , 103254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103254
    25. Xiu Li, Jun Liu, Zi‐Jian Zheng. Recent progress of elastomer–silica nanocomposites toward green tires: simulation and experiment. Polymer International 2023, 72 (9) , 764-782. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6454
    26. Jing-Jing Han, Ting-Ting Yang, Chao-Wen Yang, Li-Zhao Huang, Kun Song, Guang-Ai Sun, Cheng-Sha Wei, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Zhong-Ming Li, Dong Liu. The maximum-strain and strain-interval dependences of microstructural evolution underneath the Mullins effect. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2023, 172 , 107586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107586
    27. Junxia Guo, Peikuan Xu, Jin Lv, Xu Han, Ye Sun, Dewang Hou, Zun Yuan, Chengjie Li. Ageing behaviour and molecular/network structure evolution of EPDM/carbon black composites under compression and in thermal-oxidative environments. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2023, 214 , 110417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110417
    28. Chao-Wen Yang, Ting-Ting Yang, Li-Zhao Huang, Jing-Jing Han, Guang-Ai Sun, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Zhong-Ming Li, Dong Liu. Correlation between the hierarchical structure evolution and Mullins effect of filled rubber under variable amplitude loading. Polymer 2023, 277 , 125988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125988
    29. Li-Zhao Huang, Kun Song, Chao-Wen Yang, Jing-Jing Han, Ting-Ting Yang, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Guang-Ai Sun, Zhong-Ming Li, Dong Liu. Elongation induced demonstration of the fraction dependent filler network structures in silicone rubber: An in situ SAXS study. Polymer 2023, 274 , 125926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125926
    30. Shanshan Xu, Jian Zhou, Pengju Pan. Strain-induced multiscale structural evolutions of crystallized polymers: From fundamental studies to recent progresses. Progress in Polymer Science 2023, 140 , 101676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101676
    31. Longjin Huang, Fengmei Yu, Yu Liu, Ai Lu, Zihao Song, Wei Liu, Yuqi Xiong, Hongjiang He, Shichun Li, Xueyan Zhao, Sheng Cui, Chunhua Zhu. Structural analyses of the bound rubber in silica-filled silicone rubber nanocomposites reveal mechanisms of filler-rubber interaction. Composites Science and Technology 2023, 233 , 109905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109905
    32. Danielle Veigel, Kabir Rishi, Ugochukwu Okoli, Gregory Beaucage, Jeffrey A. Galloway, Hannah Campanelli, Jan Ilavsky, Ivan Kuzmenko, Melodie Fickenscher. Comparison of nanocomposite dispersion and distribution for several melt mixers. Polymer 2023, 269 , 125735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125735
    33. Ugochukwu Okoli, Kabir Rishi, Gregory Beaucage, Hendrik K. Kammler, Alex McGlasson, Michael Chauby, Vishak Narayanan, James Grammens, Vikram K. Kuppa. Dispersion of modified fumed silica in elastomeric nanocomposites. Polymer 2023, 264 , 125407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125407
    34. Ting-Ting Yang, Yue Shui, Cheng-Sha Wei, Li-Zhao Huang, Chao-Wen Yang, Guang-Ai Sun, Jing-Jing Han, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Zhong-Ming Li, Dong Liu. Effect of cyclic straining with various rates on stress softening/hysteresis and structural evolution of filled rubber: A time-resolved SANS study. Composites Part B: Engineering 2022, 242 , 110100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110100
    35. Jia Yang, Ke Li, Chen Tang, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Jianghuan Fan, Gang Qin, Wei Cui, Lin Zhu, Qiang Chen. Recent Progress in Double Network Elastomers: One Plus One is Greater Than Two. Advanced Functional Materials 2022, 32 (19) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202110244
    36. Jiyu Sun, Wen Li, Na Li, Yuchao Zhan, Limei Tian, Yueming Wang. Effect of surface modified nano-SiO2 particles on properties of TO@CA/SR self-healing anti-corrosion composite coating. Progress in Organic Coatings 2022, 164 , 106689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106689
    37. Xiangyan Li, Chenchen Tian, Han Li, Xinyang Liu, Liqun Zhang, Song Hong, Nanying Ning, Ming Tian. Combined effect of volume fractions of nanofillers and filler-polymer interactions on 3D multiscale dispersion of nanofiller and Payne effect. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2022, 152 , 106722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106722
    38. Yue Shui, Lizhao Huang, Chengsha Wei, Guangai Sun, Jie Chen, Ai Lu, Liangwei Sun, Dong Liu. How the silica determines properties of filled silicone rubber by the formation of filler networking and bound rubber. Composites Science and Technology 2021, 215 , 109024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.109024
    39. Junyan Zhang, Yanhua Cheng, Chengjian Xu, Mengyue Gao, Meifang Zhu, Lei Jiang. Hierarchical Interface Engineering for Advanced Nanocellulosic Hybrid Aerogels with High Compressibility and Multifunctionality. Advanced Functional Materials 2021, 31 (19) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202009349
    40. Xiangyan Li, Qiuping Yang, Han Li, Liqun Zhang, Song Hong, Nanying Ning, Ming Tian. Quantifying the 3D multiscale dispersion structure of nanofillers in polymer nanocomposites by combining 3D-STEM and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray CT. Composites Part B: Engineering 2021, 212 , 108687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108687
    41. Li-Zhao Huang, Yue Shui, Wei Chen, Zhong-Ming Li, Hong-Tao Song, Guang-Ai Sun, Jia-Zhuang Xu, Gan-Ji Zhong, Dong Liu. How the Aggregates Determine Bound Rubber Models in Silicone Rubber? A Contrast Matching Neutron Scattering Study. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 39 (3) , 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-020-2485-8
    42. Benjamin Apeleo Zubiri, Janis Wirth, Dominik Drobek, Silvan Englisch, Thomas Przybilla, Tobias Weissenberger, Wilhelm Schwieger, Erdmann Spiecker. Correlative Laboratory Nano‐CT and 360° Electron Tomography of Macropore Structures in Hierarchical Zeolites. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2021, 8 (4) https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202001154
    43. Liang Chen, Lihui Wu, Lixian Song, Zhijie Xia, Yuanfei Lin, Wei Chen, Liangbin Li. The recovery of nano-sized carbon black filler structure and its contribution to stress recovery in rubber nanocomposites. Nanoscale 2020, 12 (48) , 24527-24542. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06003H
    44. Yuqi Xiong, Simin Shen, Ming Kang, Zhiyong Wang, Ai Lu. Effect of fluorescence labeling on mechanical properties of silica filled silicone rubber. Polymer 2020, 208 , 122904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122904
    45. Shangjun Zeng, Ming Kang, Kexu Chen, Rong Sun, Ai Lu, Guanjun Chang. Visual research filler network structure in polymer composites and its structure-activity relationship by fluorescent labeling and LSCM. Polymer Testing 2020, 90 , 106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106749
    46. Xin-Wei Kang, Dong Liu, Ping Zhang, Ming Kang, Feng Chen, Qing-Xi Yuan, Xiu-Li Zhao, Ying-Ze Song, Li-Xian Song. Revisiting Silica Networks by Small-angle Neutron Scattering and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Imaging Techniques. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2020, 38 (9) , 1006-1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-020-2402-1
    47. Xiangmeng Lv, Ming Kang, Lu Yuan, Simin Shen, Rong Sun, Lixian Song, Shangjun Zeng, Meng Yin. Quantitative evaluation of fillers dispersion state in CaCO 3 /polypropylene composites through visualization and fractal analysis. Polymer Composites 2020, 41 (4) , 1605-1613. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25482
    48. Chengjie Li, Yuqiao Ding, Zheng Yang, Zun Yuan, Lin Ye. Compressive stress-thermo oxidative ageing behaviour and mechanism of EPDM rubber gaskets for sealing resilience assessment. Polymer Testing 2020, 84 , 106366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106366
    49. Peng Deng, Qingjie Jiao, Hui Ren. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous hollow carbon nanospheres with a high nitrogen content: A sustainable synthetic strategy using energetic precursors. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 714 , 136725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136725
    50. Yuehan Qian, Fuhao Dong, Lizhen Guo, Jiawen Guo, Hiba Shaghaleh, Yuqi Wang, Xu Xu, Shifa Wang, Shiwei Liu. Preparation and properties of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber using triethoxy(2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)propyl)silane as a novel cross-linking agent. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2020, 173 , 109068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109068
    51. Kaleigh M. Ryan, Adam D. Drumm, Claire E. Martin, Anna-Katharina Krumpfer, Joseph W. Krumpfer. Synthetic Methods and Applications of Functional and Reactive Silicone Polymers. 2020, 301-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43403-8_13
    52. Kexu Chen, Ming Kang, Ai Lu, Lin Chen, Lixian Song, Rong Sun. Visualization of silica dispersion states in silicone rubber by fluorescent labeling. Journal of Materials Science 2019, 54 (6) , 5149-5159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-03191-z
    53. Junhua Kong, Jiaotong Sun, Yuejin Tong, Qingqing Dou, Yuefan Wei, Warintorn Thitsartarn, Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo, Chaobin He. Carbon nanotubes-bridged-fumed silica as an effective binary nanofillers for reinforcement of silicone elastomers. Composites Science and Technology 2019, 169 , 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.11.006
    54. Yibo Dai, Qun Tang, Ziang Zhang, Caili Yu, Heping Li, Lin Xu, Shufen Zhang, Zhiming Zou. Enhanced mechanical, thermal, and UV-shielding properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/metal–organic framework nanocomposites. RSC Advances 2018, 8 (67) , 38681-38688. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA07143H
    55. Liang-Bin Li. In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Techniques: Watching Deformation-induced Structural Evolutions of Polymers. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2018, 36 (10) , 1093-1102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-018-2169-9
    56. Anne-Caroline Genix, Julian Oberdisse. Nanoparticle self-assembly: from interactions in suspension to polymer nanocomposites. Soft Matter 2018, 14 (25) , 5161-5179. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SM00430G
    57. Yan Jin, Gregory Beaucage, Karsten Vogtt, Hanqiu Jiang, Vikram Kuppa, Jay Kim, Jan Ilavsky, Mindaugas Rackaitis, Andrew Mulderig, Kabir Rishi, Vishak Narayanan. A pseudo-thermodynamic description of dispersion for nanocomposites. Polymer 2017, 129 , 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.040
    58. Samit Roy, John Ryan, Samantha Webster, Dhriti Nepal. A Review of In Situ Mechanical Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites: Prospect and Challenges. Applied Mechanics Reviews 2017, 69 (5) https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4038257
    59. Min Liu, Ming Kang, Yongren Mou, Kexu Chen, Rong Sun. Visualization of filler network in silicone rubber with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. RSC Advances 2017, 7 (84) , 53578-53586. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA09773E
    Download PDF
    Go to Macromolecules
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    Macromolecules

    Cite this: Macromolecules 2017, 50, 18, 7249–7257
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00539
    Published September 8, 2017
    Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    2360

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    59
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.