Agronomic, Nutritional Traits, and Alkaloids of Lupinus albus, Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus Genotypes: Effect of Sowing Dates and Locations

Lupins (Lupinus spp.) are legumes with high relevance for the sustainability of agricultural systems as they improve the soil quality, namely, through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and have good adaptability to different climates and soil conditions. Besides, they possess high nutritive value, especially due to the high protein content of the seeds. Nevertheless, the plants’ productivity and metabolism can be influenced by the genotype, the edaphoclimatic conditions, and the sowing practices. In this work, the effect of edaphoclimatic conditions and sowing dates on the productivity, nutritional factors, and alkaloids of the seeds of L. albus cv. Estoril, L. angustifolius cv. Tango, and L. luteus cv. Cardiga was evaluated. High variability in the seeds and protein productions, nutritional traits, and alkaloid content related to the species was observed, along with a significant effect of the location. Lupinus albus cv. Estoril showed a good compromise between productivity and low alkaloid content, being an interesting genotype for food and feed use in the conditions of this trial.


Table of Contents
Table S1.Soil characteristics in Mirandela (MI) and Vila Real (VR).
Table S2.Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for seeds and protein production (t DM ha -1 ) of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.
Table S3.Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for nutritional composition of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.
Table S4.Individual alkaloids content (mg kg -1 DM) of Lupinus seeds by alkaloids' class, genotype, sowing location, and sowing date.Standard deviation is given between parentheses.
Table S5.Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for indole alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.
Table S6.Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for piperidine alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.
Table S7.Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quinolizidine alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.
Table S8.Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the total alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.

Figure S1 .
Figure S1.Monthly average minimum and maximum temperatures (˚C) and rainfall (mm) observed in Mirandela and Vila Real between August 2018 and July 2019.Long-term averages(LTA, between 1971 and 2000)  are also presented.

Figure S2 .
Figure S2.Dry matter (DM, %) of Lupinus seeds.Effect of (A) genotype x location interactions and (B) sowing date.Bars of the same factor not sharing the same letter differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure S3 .
Figure S3.Effect of genotype x sowing date on the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF, g 100 g -1 dry matter) of Lupinus seeds.Bars of the same factor not sharing the same letter differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure S4 .
Figure S4.Chemical structures of the alkaloids identified in the studied Lupinus species.

Figure S1 .
Figure S1.Monthly average minimum and maximum temperatures (˚C) and rainfall (mm) observed in Mirandela and Vila Real between August 2018 and July 2019.Long-term averages (LTA, between 1971 and 2000) are also presented.

Figure S2 .
Figure S2.Dry matter (DM, %) of Lupinus seeds.Effect of (A) genotype x location interactions and (B) sowing date.Bars of the same factor not sharing the same letter differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure S3 .
Figure S3.Effect of genotype x sowing date on the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF, g 100 g -1 dry matter) of Lupinus seeds.Bars of the same factor not sharing the same letter differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure S4 .
Figure S4.Chemical structures of the alkaloids identified in the studied Lupinus species.

Table S2 .
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for seeds and protein production (t DM ha -1 ) of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.*

Table S3 .
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for nutritional composition of Lupinus *df, degree of freedom; SS, sum of squares; MS, mean squares; TRT, total sum of squares relative to main effects; DM, dry matter; EE, ether extract; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; CP, crude protein; statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked in bold.

Table S4 .
Individual alkaloids content (mg kg -1 DM) of Lupinus seeds by alkaloids' class, genotype, sowing location, and sowing date.Standard deviation is given between parentheses.* *nd, not detected.

Table S5 .
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for indole alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.* *df, degree of freedom; SS, sum of squares; MS, mean squares; TRT, total sum of squares relative to main effects; statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked in bold.

Table S6 .
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for piperidine alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.* *df, degree of freedom; SS, sum of squares; MS, mean squares; TRT, total sum of squares relative to main effects; statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked in bold.

Table S7 .
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quinolizidine alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.*

Table S8 .
Results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the total alkaloids content of Lupinus species seeds grown in 2 locations and 4 sowing dates.* *df, degree of freedom; SS, sum of squares; MS, mean squares; TRT, total sum of squares relative to main effects; statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked in bold.