Closed-Loop Controlled Photopolymerization of HydrogelsClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Manjot SinghManjot SinghDepartment of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMore by Manjot Singh
- Junru ZhangJunru ZhangDepartment of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMore by Junru Zhang
- Keturah BethelKeturah BethelDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United StatesMore by Keturah Bethel
- Yang LiuYang LiuMacromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMore by Yang Liu
- Eric M. DavisEric M. DavisDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United StatesMore by Eric M. Davis
- Haibo ZengHaibo ZengDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMore by Haibo Zeng
- Zhenyu KongZhenyu KongDepartment of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMore by Zhenyu Kong
- Blake N. Johnson*Blake N. Johnson*Email: [email protected]. Fax: 540-231-3322.Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMacromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United StatesMore by Blake N. Johnson
Abstract

Here, we present a closed-loop controlled photopolymerization process for fabrication of hydrogels with controlled storage moduli. Hydrogel crosslinking was associated with a significant change in the phase angle of a piezoelectric cantilever sensor and established the timescale of the photopolymerization process. The composition, structure, and mechanical properties of the fabricated hydrogels were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). We found that the storage moduli of photocured poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogels could be controlled using bang-bang and fuzzy logic controllers. Bang-bang controlled photopolymerization resulted in constant overshoot of the storage modulus setpoint for PEGDMA hydrogels, which was mitigated by setpoint correction and fuzzy logic control. SEM and DMA studies showed that the network structure and storage modulus of PEGDMA hydrogels were dependent on the cure time and temporal profile of UV exposure during photopolymerization. This work provides an advance in pulsed and continuous photopolymerization processes for hydrogel engineering based on closed-loop control that enables reproducible fabrication of hydrogels with controlled mechanical properties.
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