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Closed-Loop Controlled Photopolymerization of Hydrogels
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    Biological and Medical Applications of Materials and Interfaces

    Closed-Loop Controlled Photopolymerization of Hydrogels
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    • Manjot Singh
      Manjot Singh
      Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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    • Junru Zhang
      Junru Zhang
      Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
      More by Junru Zhang
    • Keturah Bethel
      Keturah Bethel
      Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
    • Yang Liu
      Yang Liu
      Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
      More by Yang Liu
    • Eric M. Davis
      Eric M. Davis
      Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
    • Haibo Zeng
      Haibo Zeng
      Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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    • Zhenyu Kong
      Zhenyu Kong
      Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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    • Blake N. Johnson*
      Blake N. Johnson
      Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
      Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
      Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
      Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
      *Email: [email protected]. Fax: 540-231-3322.
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    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 34, 40365–40378
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c11779
    Published August 20, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    Here, we present a closed-loop controlled photopolymerization process for fabrication of hydrogels with controlled storage moduli. Hydrogel crosslinking was associated with a significant change in the phase angle of a piezoelectric cantilever sensor and established the timescale of the photopolymerization process. The composition, structure, and mechanical properties of the fabricated hydrogels were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). We found that the storage moduli of photocured poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogels could be controlled using bang-bang and fuzzy logic controllers. Bang-bang controlled photopolymerization resulted in constant overshoot of the storage modulus setpoint for PEGDMA hydrogels, which was mitigated by setpoint correction and fuzzy logic control. SEM and DMA studies showed that the network structure and storage modulus of PEGDMA hydrogels were dependent on the cure time and temporal profile of UV exposure during photopolymerization. This work provides an advance in pulsed and continuous photopolymerization processes for hydrogel engineering based on closed-loop control that enables reproducible fabrication of hydrogels with controlled mechanical properties.

    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

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    This article is cited by 15 publications.

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    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 34, 40365–40378
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c11779
    Published August 20, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

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