Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect
ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Plasmonic Anticounterfeit Tags with High Encoding Capacity Rapidly Authenticated with Deep Machine Learning

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:ACS Nano 2021, 15, 2, 2901-2910
    Article

    Plasmonic Anticounterfeit Tags with High Encoding Capacity Rapidly Authenticated with Deep Machine Learning
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    • Joshua D. Smith
      Joshua D. Smith
      Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
      More by Joshua D. Smith
    • Md Alimoor Reza
      Md Alimoor Reza
      Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
      More by Md Alimoor Reza
    • Nathanael L. Smith
      Nathanael L. Smith
      Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
      More by Nathanael L. Smith
    • Jianxin Gu
      Jianxin Gu
      Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
      More by Jianxin Gu
    • Maha Ibrar
      Maha Ibrar
      Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
      More by Maha Ibrar
    • David J. Crandall*
      David J. Crandall
      Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by David J. Crandall
    • Sara E. Skrabalak*
      Sara E. Skrabalak
      Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by Sara E. Skrabalak
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1873-100X
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2021, 15, 2, 2901–2910
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08974
    Published February 9, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    Counterfeit goods create significant economic losses and product failures in many industries. Here, we report a covert anticounterfeit platform where plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) create physically unclonable functions (PUFs) with high encoding capacity. By allowing anisotropic Au NPs of different sizes to deposit randomly, a diversity of surfaces can be facilely tagged with NP deposits that serve as PUFs and are analyzed using optical microscopy. High encoding capacity is engineered into the tags by the sizes of the Au NPs, which provide a range of color responses, while their anisotropy provides sensitivity to light polarization. An estimated encoding capacity of 270n is achieved, which is one of the highest reported to date. Authentication of the tags with deep machine learning allows for high accuracy and rapid matching of a tag to a specific product. Moreover, the tags contain descriptive metadata that is leveraged to match a tag to a specific lot number (i.e., a collection of tags created in the same manner from the same formulation of anisotropic Au NPs). Overall, integration of designer plasmonic NPs with deep machine learning methods can create a rapidly authenticated anticounterfeit platform with high encoding capacity.

    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Keywords

    what are keywords

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c08974.

    • List of chemicals, nanoparticle syntheses, nanoparticle characterization techniques, tag preparation and characterization techniques, and supporting figures (tag randomness analysis, full size tags, electron micrographs of nanoparticles, color analysis of tag features, tags on different substrates, and polarization results), tables summarizing specific results, and the full details on the development of convolutional neural networks (PDF)

    Terms & Conditions

    Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. The American Chemical Society holds a copyright ownership interest in any copyrightable Supporting Information. Files available from the ACS website may be downloaded for personal use only. Users are not otherwise permitted to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or sell any Supporting Information from the ACS website, either in whole or in part, in either machine-readable form or any other form without permission from the American Chemical Society. For permission to reproduce, republish and redistribute this material, requesters must process their own requests via the RightsLink permission system. Information about how to use the RightsLink permission system can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    This article is cited by 51 publications.

    1. Zhiyuan Wang, Hu Wang, Pengxiang Wang, Yuchuan Shao. Robust Optical Physical Unclonable Function Based on Total Internal Reflection for Portable Authentication. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2024, 16 (21) , 27926-27935. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c03283
    2. Chunyu Yang, Kai Zhu, Bing Yan. Efficient Multi-stimulus-Responsive Luminescent Eu(III)-Modified HOFs Materials: Detecting Thiram and Caffeic Acid and Constructing a Flexible Substrate Anti-counterfeiting Platform. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2024, 16 (16) , 20744-20754. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.4c00573
    3. Zhiyuan Wang, Hu Wang, Fenghua Li, Xinyu Gao, Yuchuan Shao. Physical Unclonable Functions Based on Photothermal Effect of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2024, 16 (14) , 17954-17964. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c18270
    4. Senyang Liu, Xiaohu Liu, Xueyu Zhu, Jinhua Yin, Jie Bao. Multiple-Channel Information Encryption Based on Quantum Dot Absorption Spectra. ACS Nano 2023, 17 (21) , 21349-21359. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06050
    5. Sangsun Lee, Sami Pekdemir, Nilgun Kayaci, Mustafa Kalay, Mustafa Serdar Onses, Jongpil Ye. Graphene-Based Physically Unclonable Functions with Dual Source of Randomness. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, 15 (28) , 33878-33889. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c05613
    6. Quynh N. Nguyen, Chenxiao Wang, Yuxin Shang, Annemieke Janssen, Younan Xia. Colloidal Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: From Asymmetrical Growth to Symmetry Breaking. Chemical Reviews 2023, 123 (7) , 3693-3760. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00468
    7. Shu-Yu Liang, Yue-Feng Liu, Zhi-Kun Ji, Hong Xia. Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Quantum Dot Films toward Physical Unclonable Multilevel Fluorescent Anticounterfeiting Labels. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, 15 (8) , 10986-10993. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c16914
    8. Pavel Kustov, Elena Petrova, Mikhail Nazarov, Almaz Gilmullin, Martin Sandomirskii, Ekaterina Ponkratova, Vitaly Yaroshenko, Eduard Ageev, Dmitry Zuev. Mie-Resonant Silicon Nanoparticles for Physically Unclonable Anti-Counterfeiting Labels. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2022, 5 (8) , 10548-10559. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c01878
    9. Yongfeng Lu, Haixin Chen, Hongrui Cheng, Haijiang Qiu, Cheng Jiang, Yuanhui Zheng. Plasmonic Physical Unclonable Function Labels Based on Tricolored Silver Nanoparticles: Implications for Anticounterfeiting Applications. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2022, 5 (7) , 9298-9305. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c01622
    10. Mauro Moglianetti, Deborah Pedone, Pietro Morerio, Anna Scarsi, Paolo Donati, Matteo Bustreo, Alessio Del Bue, Pier Paolo Pompa. Nanocatalyst-Enabled Physically Unclonable Functions as Smart Anticounterfeiting Tags with AI-Aided Smartphone Authentication. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022, 14 (22) , 25898-25906. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c02995
    11. Jung Woo Leem, Hee-Jae Jeon, Yuhyun Ji, Sang Mok Park, Yunsang Kwak, Jongwoo Park, Kee-Young Kim, Seong-Wan Kim, Young L. Kim. Edible Matrix Code with Photogenic Silk Proteins. ACS Central Science 2022, 8 (5) , 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c01233
    12. Zhiwei Li, Qingsong Fan, Yadong Yin. Colloidal Self-Assembly Approaches to Smart Nanostructured Materials. Chemical Reviews 2022, 122 (5) , 4976-5067. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00482
    13. Zaixin Gan, Feiliang Chen, Qian Li, Mo Li, Jian Zhang, Xueguang Lu, Lu Tang, Zhao Wang, Qiwu Shi, Weili Zhang, Wanxia Huang. Reconfigurable Optical Physical Unclonable Functions Enabled by VO2 Nanocrystal Films. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022, 14 (4) , 5785-5796. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c20803
    14. Szu-Hao Cho, Piljae Joo, Chi Zhang, Elizabeth A. Lewis, Bryan D. Vogt, Nicole S. Zacharia. Patterned Hydrophilic Patches on Slippery Surfaces with Anticounterfeit Applications. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2022, 4 (1) , 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00653
    15. Zachary J. Woessner, Sara E. Skrabalak. Symmetry-Reduced Metal Nanostructures Offer New Opportunities in Plasmonics and Catalysis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (43) , 23587-23596. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07743
    16. Kun Wang, Jianwei Shi, Wenxuan Lai, Qiang He, Jun Xu, Zhenyi Ni, Xinfeng Liu, Xiaodong Pi, Deren Yang. All-silicon multidimensionally-encoded optical physical unclonable functions for integrated circuit anti-counterfeiting. Nature Communications 2024, 15 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47479-y
    17. Ying Fang, Jun‐Yu Luan, Li‐Hao Liu, Ying‐Qing Huang, Yi‐Ning Luo, Kun‐Peng Wang, Shaojin Chen, Hai‐Yu Hu, Zhi‐Qiang Hu. Multicolor Anti‐counterfeiting Strategy and Synchronous High Capacity Storage Based on Acidochromic Organic Fluorescent Materials. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2024, 42 (19) , 2363-2369. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.202400259
    18. Ilker Torun, Conan Huang, N. Burak Kiremitler, Mustafa Kalay, Moonsub Shim, Mustafa Serdar Onses. Coffee‐Ring Mediated Thinning and Thickness‐Dependent Dewetting Modes in Printed Polymer Droplets Coupled with Assembly of Quantum Dots for Anti‐Counterfeiting. Small 2024, 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202405429
    19. Maha Ibrar, Sheng‐Yuan Huang, Zachery McCurtain, Shujon Naha, David J. Crandall, Stephen C. Jacobson, Sara E. Skrabalak. Modular Anti‐Counterfeit Tags Formed by Template‐Assisted Self‐Assembly of Plasmonic Nanocrystals and Authenticated by Machine Learning. Advanced Functional Materials 2024, 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202400842
    20. E. Afreen Banu, R. Priyanka, P. Thiruramanathan, T. Senthilnathan, Vithya V T, K. Vinoth. Robust AI-Enabled Electronic Components Authentication and Anti -Counterfeiting. 2024, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICONSTEM60960.2024.10568793
    21. Hao Guo, Yue Qin, Zhibin Wang, Yuxing Ma, Huanfei Wen, Zhonghao Li, Zongmin Ma, Xin Li, Jun Tang, Jun Liu. Multilevel Encoding Physically Unclonable Functions Based on The Multispecies Structure in Diamonds. Advanced Functional Materials 2024, 34 (15) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202304648
    22. Ekaterina Babich, Sergey Scherbak, Demid Kirilenko, Valeriy Kondratev, Daniil Stupin, Andrey Lipovskii. Glasses with biocompatible Au/Ag NPs of governed composition. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 2024, 57 (13) , 135302. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad12f5
    23. Xiaofeng Lin, Daxiang Shi, Guobin Yi, Dingshan Yu. Structural color‐based physical unclonable function. Responsive Materials 2024, 2 (1) https://doi.org/10.1002/rpm.20230031
    24. Shiwei Zhao, Anqian Yuan, Xingbao Chen, Yuan Lei, Xiaowei Fu, Jingxin Lei, Liang Jiang. Single-actuated and fully recyclable phase change materials enabled multiple thermochromism toward information storage and encryption. Chemical Engineering Journal 2024, 481 , 148698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.148698
    25. Yuan Cao, Jianxiang Xu, Jichun Wu, Simeng Wu, Zhao Huang, Kaizhao Zhang. Advances in Physical Unclonable Functions Based on New Technologies: A Comprehensive Review. Mathematics 2024, 12 (1) , 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12010077
    26. Ningfei Sun, Ziyu Chen, Yanke Wang, Shu Wang, Yong Xie, Qian Liu. Random fractal-enabled physical unclonable functions with dynamic AI authentication. Nature Communications 2023, 14 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37588-5
    27. Tongtong Zhang, Lingzhi Wang, Jing Wang, Zhongqiang Wang, Madhav Gupta, Xuyun Guo, Ye Zhu, Yau Chuen Yiu, Tony K. C. Hui, Yan Zhou, Can Li, Dangyuan Lei, Kwai Hei Li, Xinqiang Wang, Qi Wang, Lei Shao, Zhiqin Chu. Multimodal dynamic and unclonable anti-counterfeiting using robust diamond microparticles on heterogeneous substrate. Nature Communications 2023, 14 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38178-1
    28. Xianrui Meng, Ke Yuan, Chengjie Li, Yujie Chen, Wenkai Zhang, Xiaomin Fang, Xingying Li, Xiuli Chai. Feature extraction and encoding of electrospun nanofibers for unclonable anti-counterfeiting and authentication. Materials Science and Engineering: B 2023, 298 , 116880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116880
    29. Jiaxin Yang, Ming Feng, Jingru Wang, Zejia Zhao, Rui Xu, Ziyu Chen, Kang Zhang, Adnan Khan, Yingdong Han, Feng Song, Wei Huang. Bionic Micro‐Texture Duplication and RE 3+ Space‐Selective Doping of Unclonable Silica Nanocomposites for Multilevel Encryption and Intelligent Authentication. Advanced Materials 2023, 35 (49) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202306003
    30. Donghoon Lee, Jungha Lee, Minhye Shin, Duhee Kim, Junhee Lee, Murali Bissannagari, Woongki Hong, Jae Eun Jang, Jaewon Jang, Hongki Kang. Sol-gel processed Y2O3 embedded capacitor based physically unclonable function. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2023, 168 , 107860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2023.107860
    31. Olivier Pluchery, Yoann Prado, William Watkins. A complete explanation of the plasmonic colours of gold nanoparticles and of the bichromatic effect. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2023, 11 (45) , 15824-15832. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TC02669H
    32. Dong Yu, Zong Liu, Chao-Kai Hu, Yao Shen, Zhi-Jiang Li, Xin-Xin Zhang, Ai-Guo Shen. Mass-produced multiscale unclonable plasmonic security labels by a robotic wet-chemical system. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023, 475 , 146063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146063
    33. Khaled Alkhuder. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: A Promising Nanotechnology for Anti-Counterfeiting and Tracking Systems. Current Nanoscience 2023, 19 (5) , 636-650. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413718666220607164053
    34. Takao Fukuoka, Toshiya Yasunaga, Kyoko Namura, Motofumi Suzuki, Akinobu Yamaguchi. Plasmonic Nanotags for On‐Dose Authentication of Medical Tablets. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2023, 10 (20) https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202300157
    35. Sangsun Lee, Dong Hwan Kim, Jiseon Kim, Jongpil Ye. Adlayer formation in low-pressure chemical vapor deposited graphene and its exploitation for creating PUF surfaces. Applied Physics Express 2023, 16 (7) , 075001. https://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/acde41
    36. Shunfei Qiang, Ke Yuan, Yanyan Cheng, Guoqiang Long, Wenkai Zhang, Xiaofeng Lin, Xiuli Chai, Xiaomin Fang, Tao Ding. A multicolor carbon dot doped nanofibrous membrane for unclonable anti-counterfeiting and data encryption. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2023, 11 (21) , 7076-7087. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TC00794D
    37. Srinivas Gandla, Changgyun Moon, Seungho Baek, Hogun Park, Sunkook Kim. Laser‐Induced Carbonization for Anticounterfeiting Tags. Advanced Functional Materials 2023, 33 (17) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202211762
    38. Tengyun Zhang, Weiping He, Lei Lei, Yiteng Wang, Hongfei Liu, Minyue Yang, Xu Zhang. Controlled manufacturing of black and white flower-like dendritic micropattern tags for product unclonable security identification. Surfaces and Interfaces 2023, 37 , 102720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102720
    39. Jean-Francois Masson, John S. Biggins, Emilie Ringe. Machine learning for nanoplasmonics. Nature Nanotechnology 2023, 18 (2) , 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01284-0
    40. Yongfeng Lu, Hongrui Cheng, Paul S. Francis, Yuanhui Zheng. Nanomaterials and artificial intelligence in anti-counterfeiting. 2023, 361-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85796-3.00013-5
    41. Chuan Li, Zhengjun Liu, Jinmei Tang, Li Wan, Xiaolei Wang. Design, preparation, and performance characterization of low temperature environment-resistant composite resin matrix in rocket fuel. Journal of King Saud University - Science 2023, 35 (1) , 102415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102415
    42. Ekaterina Babich, Igor Reduto, Andrey Lipovskii. Diffusive Formation of Au/Ag Alloy Nanoparticles of Governed Composition in Glass. Nanomaterials 2022, 12 (23) , 4202. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234202
    43. Yapai Song, Mengyang Lu, Yao Xie, Guotao Sun, Jiabo Chen, Hongxin Zhang, Xin Liu, Fan Zhang, Lining Sun. Deep Learning Fluorescence Imaging of Visible to NIR‐II Based on Modulated Multimode Emissions Lanthanide Nanocrystals. Advanced Functional Materials 2022, 32 (45) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202206802
    44. Ekaterina Ponkratova, Eduard Ageev, Peter Trifonov, Pavel Kustov, Martin Sandomirskii, Mikhail Zhukov, Artem Larin, Ivan Mukhin, Thierry Belmonte, Alexandre Nominé, Stéphanie Bruyère, Dmitry Zuev. Coding of Non‐Linear White‐Light Luminescence from Gold‐Silicon Structures for Physically Unclonable Security Labels. Advanced Functional Materials 2022, 32 (41) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202205859
    45. Li Gao, Yurui Qu, Lianhui Wang, Zongfu Yu. Computational spectrometers enabled by nanophotonics and deep learning. Nanophotonics 2022, 11 (11) , 2507-2529. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0636
    46. Hee‐Jae Jeon, Jung Woo Leem, Yuhyun Ji, Sang Mok Park, Jongwoo Park, Kee‐Young Kim, Seong‐Wan Kim, Young L. Kim. Cyber‐Physical Watermarking with Inkjet Edible Bioprinting. Advanced Functional Materials 2022, 32 (18) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202112479
    47. Vinay Kumar, Stephan Dottermusch, Ngei Katumo, Aditya Chauhan, Bryce S. Richards, Ian A. Howard. Unclonable Anti‐Counterfeiting Labels Based on Microlens Arrays and Luminescent Microparticles. Advanced Optical Materials 2022, 10 (9) https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202102402
    48. Nilgun Kayaci, Resul Ozdemir, Mustafa Kalay, N. Burak Kiremitler, Hakan Usta, M. Serdar Onses. Organic Light‐Emitting Physically Unclonable Functions. Advanced Functional Materials 2022, 32 (14) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108675
    49. Yongbiao Wan, Pidong Wang, Feng Huang, Jun Yuan, Dong Li, Kun Chen, Jianbin Kang, Qian Li, Taiping Zhang, Song Sun, Zhiguang Qiu, Yao Yao. Bionic optical physical unclonable functions for authentication and encryption. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2021, 9 (38) , 13200-13208. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC02883A
    50. Maha Ibrar, Sara E. Skrabalak. Designer Plasmonic Nanostructures for Unclonable Anticounterfeit Tags. Small Structures 2021, 2 (9) https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202100043
    51. Xiuyu Shen, Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh, Chen Shi, Zengyuan Pang, Yang Jin, Mingqiao Ge. Preparation and characterization of photo-stimuli-responsive fibers based on lanthanide-activated phosphors and spiropyran dye. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 13 , 1374-1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.05.071
    Download PDF
    Go to ACS Nano
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2021, 15, 2, 2901–2910
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c08974
    Published February 9, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    2658

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    51
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.