ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Atomistic Interrogation of B–N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:ACS Nano 2016, 10, 7, 6574-6584
    Article

    Atomistic Interrogation of B–N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    View Author Information
    ∥ †MRSEC, ⊥Department of Chemistry, and ∥Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
    ‡ Department of Science and Mathematics, Fashion Institute of Technology/State University of New York, New York, New York 10001, United States
    § Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
    Chemistry Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 10065, United States
    # Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899,United States
    □ Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
    *E-mail (T. Schiros): [email protected]
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2016, 10, 7, 6574–6584
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01318
    Published June 21, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    Chemical doping has been demonstrated to be an effective method for producing high-quality, large-area graphene with controlled carrier concentrations and an atomically tailored work function. The emergent optoelectronic properties and surface reactivity of carbon nanostructures are dictated by the microstructure of atomic dopants. Co-doping of graphene with boron and nitrogen offers the possibility to further tune the electronic properties of graphene at the atomic level, potentially creating p- and n-type domains in a single carbon sheet, opening a gap between valence and conduction bands in the 2-D semimetal. Using a suite of high-resolution synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory based computation we visualize and characterize B–N dopant bond structures and their electronic effects at the atomic level in single-layer graphene grown on a copper substrate. We find there is a thermodynamic driving force for B and N atoms to cluster into BNC structures in graphene, rather than randomly distribute into isolated B and N graphitic dopants, although under the present growth conditions, kinetics limit segregation of large B–N domains. We observe that the doping effect of these BNC structures, which open a small band gap in graphene, follows the B:N ratio (B > N, p-type; B < N, n-type; B═N, neutral). We attribute this to the comparable electron-withdrawing and -donating effects, respectively, of individual graphitic B and N dopants, although local electrostatics also play a role in the work function change.

    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Keywords

    what are keywords

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01318.

    • Figures showing an example of a rough graphene film; large-area topograph of sample BG2; additional B/N co-dopant configurations; visualization of the structures STM1 and STM2; correlation between computed work function shifts and Dirac point energy shifts; additional N 1s and C 1s XPS data for nitrogen-doped graphene; peak fitting of the experimental N 1s XPS data; and details of the peak fitting (PDF)

    Terms & Conditions

    Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. The American Chemical Society holds a copyright ownership interest in any copyrightable Supporting Information. Files available from the ACS website may be downloaded for personal use only. Users are not otherwise permitted to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or sell any Supporting Information from the ACS website, either in whole or in part, in either machine-readable form or any other form without permission from the American Chemical Society. For permission to reproduce, republish and redistribute this material, requesters must process their own requests via the RightsLink permission system. Information about how to use the RightsLink permission system can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Citation Statements
    Explore this article's citation statements on scite.ai
    powered by  Scite

    This article is cited by 57 publications.

    1. Wonseok Jeong, Wenyu Sun, Marcos F. Calegari Andrade, Liwen F. Wan, Trevor M. Willey, Michael H. Nielsen, Tuan Anh Pham. Integrating Machine Learning Potential and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Predicting the Chemical Speciation of Disordered Carbon Nitrides. Chemistry of Materials 2024, 36 (9) , 4144-4156. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02957
    2. Mengkun Tian, Wesley D. Tennyson, Mina Yoon, Alexander A. Puretzky, David B. Geohegan, Gerd Duscher, Gyula Eres. Role of Curvature in Stabilizing Boron-Doped Nanocorrugated Graphene. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2024, 16 (1) , 1276-1282. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c10664
    3. Daegwon Ha, Heejong Shin, Mun-Keun Lee, Shinhoo Kang, Yung-Eun Sung, In-Ho Jung. Synthesis of Heteroatom (B, N, and O)-Doped Carbons via Chlorination of a Carbonitride–Boride Mixture: Influence of Boron Addition on Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (25) , 13850-13861. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02541
    4. Benjamin Mallada, Shayan Edalatmanesh, Petr Lazar, Jesus Redondo, Aurelio Gallardo, Radek Zbořil, Pavel Jelínek, Martin Švec, Bruno de la Torre. Atomic-Scale Charge Distribution Mapping of Single Substitutional p- and n-Type Dopants in Graphene. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8 (8) , 3437-3444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07623
    5. Mingli Zhang, Hengcong Tao, Yongchao Liu, Chao Yan, Song Hong, Justus Masa, Alex W. Robertson, Shizhen Liu, Jieshan Qiu, Zhenyu Sun. Ultrasound-Assisted Nitrogen and Boron Codoping of Graphene Oxide for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2019, 7 (3) , 3434-3442. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05654
    6. Huan Liu, Xingfa Gao, Yuliang Zhao. Boron and Nitrogen Co-Doping of Graphynes without Inducing Empty or Doubly Filled States in π-Conjugated Systems. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2019, 123 (1) , 625-630. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10684
    7. Shucheng Chen, Zhihua Chen, Samira Siahrostami, Drew Higgins, Dennis Nordlund, Dimosthenis Sokaras, Taeho Roy Kim, Yunzhi Liu, Xuzhou Yan, Elisabeth Nilsson, Robert Sinclair, Jens K. Nørskov, Thomas F. Jaramillo, Zhenan Bao. Designing Boron Nitride Islands in Carbon Materials for Efficient Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2018, 140 (25) , 7851-7859. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b02798
    8. Yuanxi Wang and Vincent H. Crespi . NanoVelcro: Theory of Guided Folding in Atomically Thin Sheets with Regions of Complementary Doping. Nano Letters 2017, 17 (11) , 6708-6714. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02773
    9. Jian Wei, Dongdong Liu, Peng Wang, Xueke Lei, Yiwei Liu. Thermoelectric power factor of cementitious composites significantly reinforced with Boron /Nitrogen co-doped reduced graphene oxide. Ceramics International 2025, 51 (12) , 16150-16161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.01.453
    10. Arnab Mallik, Madhumita Hazra, Mrinal Kanti Adak, Riya Nag, Akhil Pandey, Gobinda Prasad Sahoo. Fluorescent probe based on boron‑nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for the rapid detection of acephate residue in vegetables and water. Diamond and Related Materials 2025, 153 , 112107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112107
    11. Brianna N. Ruggiero, Xiao Kun Lu, Bingzhang Lu, Adrien E. Deberghes, Dennis Nordlund, Justin M. Notestein, Linsey C. Seitz. Efficient electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide in neutral media using boron and nitrogen doped carbon catalysts. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2024, 12 (40) , 27311-27326. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA04613G
    12. Qiyuan Yu, Nan Gao, Hongdong Li. First-principles study on electronic and mechanical properties of boron and nitrogen co-doped fluorinated diamane. Diamond and Related Materials 2024, 146 , 111253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111253
    13. S. Tazekritt, M. Gallouze, A. Kellou. DFT study of energetics and optoelectronics properties of B, C, and N binary and ternary honeycomb structures. Journal of Applied Physics 2024, 135 (9) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0187708
    14. Yang Liu, Dong Han, Fang Hao, Wei Xiong, Pingle Liu. 2D-COFs-derived heteroatom-doped carbon nanosheets as high-efficiency all-solid frustrated lewis pair metal-free hydrogenation catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2024, 341 , 123338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123338
    15. Anbu Mozhi Thamizhchelvan, Nathan Lien. Unique Nanostructures of Carbon Nano Onions. 2024, 181-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32150-4_5
    16. Yao Qiu, Chunjie Zhang, Rui Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Huazeng Yang, Shuai Qi, Yongzhao Hou, Guangwu Wen, Jilei Liu, Dong Wang. Integration of pore structure modulation and B, N co-doping for enhanced capacitance deionization of biomass-derived carbon. Green Energy & Environment 2023, 8 (5) , 1488-1500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2023.01.005
    17. Hongyang Li, Bo Cai, Yingze Song, Wenlong Cai, Gaoran Li. Bidirectionally polarizing surface chemistry of heteroatom-doped carbon matrix towards fast and longevous lithium-sulfur batteries. Chinese Chemical Letters 2023, 34 (7) , 107811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107811
    18. Liuqian Yang, Zhen Cao, Jian Yin, Chunyan Wang, Dandan Ouyang, Hui Zhu, Yanan Wang, Luigi Cavallo, Husam N. Alshareef, Jiao Yin. Constructing Active BN Sites in Carbon Nanosheets for High‐Capacity and Fast Charging Toward Potassium Ion Storage. Small 2023, 19 (20) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202300440
    19. Konglin Wu, Zhaobin Fang, Cheng Peng, Yining Zhang, Binbin Jiang, Yanshang Kang, Zhiming Chen, Mingfu Ye, Yuxi Wu, Xianwen Wei, Shoujie Liu, Sha Li, Jian Zhang. Cu1-B dual-active sites catalysts for the efficient dehydrogenative coupling and CO2 electroreduction. Nano Research 2023, 16 (4) , 4582-4588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4862-9
    20. Li Qin, Liancheng Wang, Chun Han, Jingzhao Ren, Qiang Wang, Baoliang Lv. Rationally tailoring electron and proton transfer over pyridinic N by electron-deficient BC3 for promoting CO2 electroreduction kinetics on porous graphene. Carbon 2023, 205 , 475-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.01.059
    21. Anbu Mozhi Thamizhchelvan, Nathan Lien. Unique Nanostructures of Carbon Nano Onions. 2023, 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14955-9_5-1
    22. Xin Li, Liuxi Zhao, Yuhan Wu, Ao Zhou, Xuanfeng Jiang, Yuan Zhan, Zhengguang Sun. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots as a novel fluorescent probe for fluorogenic sensing of Ce4+ and ratiometric detection of Al3+. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2022, 282 , 121638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.121638
    23. Zhanhai Li, Fang Cheng. C3Al: A tunable bandgap semiconductor with high electron mobility and negative Poisson’s ratio. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 2022, 138 , 115082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2021.115082
    24. Ding Zhang, Constantine Tsounis, Zhipeng Ma, Dominique Djaidiguna, Nicholas M. Bedford, Lars Thomsen, Xunyu Lu, Dewei Chu, Rose Amal, Zhaojun Han. Highly Selective Metal‐Free Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide on Functionalized Vertical Graphene Edges. Small 2022, 18 (1) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202105082
    25. Qianghai Rao, Fang Xin Hu, Li-Yong Gan, Chunxian Guo, Yuhang Liu, Chunmei Zhang, Chongjun Chen, Hong Bin Yang, Chang Ming Li. Boron-Nitrogen-Co-Doping Nanocarbons to Create Rich Electroactive Defects toward Simultaneous Sensing Hydroquinone and Catechol. Electrochimica Acta 2022, 402 , 139427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139427
    26. Zesheng Li, Jiaping Lin, Bolin Li, Changlin Yu, Hongqiang Wang, Qingyu Li. Construction of heteroatom-doped and three-dimensional graphene materials for the applications in supercapacitors: A review. Journal of Energy Storage 2021, 44 , 103437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103437
    27. Yuan Min, Xiao Zhou, Jie-Jie Chen, Wenxing Chen, Fangyao Zhou, Zhiyuan Wang, Jia Yang, Can Xiong, Ying Wang, Fengting Li, Han-Qing Yu, Yuen Wu. Integrating single-cobalt-site and electric field of boron nitride in dechlorination electrocatalysts by bioinspired design. Nature Communications 2021, 12 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20619-w
    28. Mahdi Abbasi, Ebrahim Nemati-Kande. Enhancing the reactivity of carbon-nanotube for carbon monoxide detection by mono- and co-doping of boron and nitrogen heteroatoms: A DFT and TD-DFT study. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 2021, 158 , 110230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110230
    29. Anuja Tripathi, Kenneth D. Harris, Anastasia L. Elias, . High surface area nitrogen-functionalized Ni nanozymes for efficient peroxidase-like catalytic activity. PLOS ONE 2021, 16 (10) , e0257777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257777
    30. Tae Hoon Seo, WonKi Lee, Kyu Seung Lee, Jun Yeon Hwang, Dong Ick Son, Seokhoon Ahn, Hyunjin Cho, Myung Jong Kim. Dominant formation of h-BC2N in h-BxCyNz films: CVD synthesis and characterization. Carbon 2021, 182 , 791-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.06.080
    31. Lu Luo, Lingcong Luo, Jianping Deng, Tingting Chen, Guanben Du, Mizi Fan, Weigang Zhao. High performance supercapacitor electrodes based on B/N Co-doped biomass porous carbon materials by KOH activation and hydrothermal treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46 (63) , 31927-31937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.211
    32. Yu-Jie Ding, Xing Jin, Zhong-Xia Wang, Wei Wang. Green Emission Carbon Nanodots as Fluorescence Turn-on Probe for Detecting Picolinic Acid. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2021, 76 (8) , 920-929. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934821080037
    33. Prerna Joshi, Rohit Yadav, Masanori Hara, Tetsunari Inoue, Yukihiro Motoyama, Masamichi Yoshimura. Contribution of B,N-co-doped reduced graphene oxide as a catalyst support to the activity of iridium oxide for oxygen evolution reaction. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2021, 9 (14) , 9066-9080. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA00158B
    34. Duraisamy Prakash, Sellaperumal Manivannan. N, B co-doped and Crumpled Graphene Oxide Pseudocapacitive Electrode for High Energy Supercapacitor. Surfaces and Interfaces 2021, 23 , 101025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101025
    35. Trang H. Nguyen, Dan Yang, Bo Zhu, Han Lin, Tianyi Ma, Baohua Jia. Doping mechanism directed graphene applications for energy conversion and storage. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2021, 9 (12) , 7366-7395. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA11939C
    36. Yongfeng Qu, Jijun Ding, Haiwei Fu, Haixia Chen, Jianhong Peng. Investigation on tunable electronic properties of semiconducting graphene induced by boron and sulfur doping. Applied Surface Science 2021, 542 , 148763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148763
    37. Shuyu Zhou, Jianbing Zang, Wei Li, Pengfei Tian, Hongwei Gao, Shiwei Song, Xueqing Tian, Yanhui Wang. B, N Co‐doped Nanocarbon Derived In Situ from Nanoboron Carbide as Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ChemNanoMat 2021, 7 (2) , 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202000613
    38. Masoumeh Ghalkhani, Elnaz Marzi Khosrowshahi, Esmail Sohouli. Carbon nano-onions: Synthesis, characterization, and application. 2021, 159-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821996-6.00006-3
    39. Xiaoshuang Dai, Tao Shen, Yue Feng, Bin Yang, Hongchen Liu. DFT investigations on photoelectric properties of graphene modified by metal atoms. Ferroelectrics 2020, 568 (1) , 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2020.1811038
    40. Diana M. Bobrowska, Marta E. Plonska‐Brzezinska. Spherical Onion‐Like Carbons. 2020, 63-105. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429418.ch3
    41. Aritra Biswas, Subhajit Saha, Nikhil R. Jana. ZnSnO 3 –hBN nanocomposite-based piezocatalyst: ultrasound assisted reactive oxygen species generation for degradation of organic pollutants. New Journal of Chemistry 2020, 44 (22) , 9278-9287. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ01026J
    42. Xiaoxiao Zou, Dapeng Wu, Yifang Mu, Luyang Xing, Wenchao Zhang, Zhiyong Gao, Fang Xu, Kai Jiang. Boron and nitrogen Co-doped holey graphene aerogels with rich B–N motifs for flexible supercapacitors. Carbon 2020, 159 , 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.12.018
    43. Kun Liu, Jijian Xu, Yuan Wang, Meng Qian, Wei Zhao, Yi Zeng, Fuqiang Huang. Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Trimodal‐Porous Wood‐Derived Carbon for Boosting Capacitive Performance. Energy Technology 2020, 8 (1) https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900950
    44. Frédéric Joucken, Luc Henrard, Jérôme Lagoute. Electronic properties of chemically doped graphene. Physical Review Materials 2019, 3 (11) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.110301
    45. Tao Zhu, Shaobo Li, Bin Ren, Limei Zhang, Lichun Dong, Luxi Tan. Plasma-induced synthesis of boron and nitrogen co-doped reduced graphene oxide for super-capacitors. Journal of Materials Science 2019, 54 (13) , 9632-9642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03552-2
    46. Zhong-Xia Wang, Xing Jin, Yuan-Fei Gao, Fen-Ying Kong, Wen-Juan Wang, Wei Wang. Fluorometric and colorimetric determination of hypochlorite using carbon nanodots doped with boron and nitrogen. Microchimica Acta 2019, 186 (6) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3443-4
    47. Olena Butsyk, Piotr Olejnik, Elkin Romero, Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska. Postsynthetic treatment of carbon nano-onions: Surface modification by heteroatoms to enhance their capacitive and electrocatalytic properties. Carbon 2019, 147 , 90-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.02.063
    48. Marta E. Plonska‐Brzezinska. Carbon Nano‐Onions: A Review of Recent Progress in Synthesis and Applications. ChemNanoMat 2019, 5 (5) , 568-580. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201800583
    49. I. Novodchuk, M. Irannejad, B. Wales, K. Ibrahim, J. Sanderson, M. Bajcsy, M. Yavuz. Controlled volume production of simultaneously B/N co-doped reduced graphene oxide nanoflakes using femtosecond laser ablation. Materials Research Bulletin 2019, 111 , 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.10.039
    50. Xi Zhou, Cuihua Zhao, Guofei Wu, Jianhua Chen, Yuqiong Li. DFT study on the electronic structure and optical properties of N, Al, and N-Al doped graphene. Applied Surface Science 2018, 459 , 354-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.015
    51. Dongwei Ma, Jing Zhang, Xinxin Li, Chaozheng He, Zhiwen Lu, Zhansheng Lu, Zongxian Yang, Yuanxu Wang. C3N monolayers as promising candidates for NO2 sensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2018, 266 , 664-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.03.159
    52. Lei Zhang, Zhizhou Yu, Fuming Xu, Jian Wang. Influence of dephasing and B/N doping on valley Seebeck effect in zigzag graphene nanoribbons. Carbon 2018, 126 , 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.017
    53. Zhong-Xia Wang, Xian-He Yu, Feng Li, Fen-Ying Kong, Wei-Xin Lv, Wei Wang. Multiplexed ratiometric photoluminescent detection of pyrophosphate using anisotropic boron-doped nitrogen-rich carbon rugby ball-like nanodots. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2018, 6 (12) , 1771-1781. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB02708G
    54. Jan Plutnar, Martin Pumera, Zdeněk Sofer. The chemistry of CVD graphene. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2018, 6 (23) , 6082-6101. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC00463C
    55. Liuyi Li, Lu Li, Caiyan Cui, Hongjun Fan, Ruihu Wang. Heteroatom‐doped Carbon Spheres from Hierarchical Hollow Covalent Organic Framework Precursors for Metal‐Free Catalysis. ChemSusChem 2017, 10 (24) , 4921-4926. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700979
    56. Yang Liu, Zhiqiang Gao. Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2017, 4 (5) , 1059-1065. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600834
    57. Mohammed H. Mohammed. Designing and engineering electronic band gap of graphene nanosheet by P dopants. Solid State Communications 2017, 258 , 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2017.04.011
    Download PDF
    Go to ACS Nano
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2016, 10, 7, 6574–6584
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b01318
    Published June 21, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    2249

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    57
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.