Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect
ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Phthalate Exposure and Risk Assessment in California Child Care Facilities

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 13, 7593-7601
    Article

    Phthalate Exposure and Risk Assessment in California Child Care Facilities
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    View Author Information
    † School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
    ‡ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
    § Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
    *E-mail: [email protected]; phone: 510-643-3023; fax: 510-642-9083; mail: 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704.
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 13, 7593–7601
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/es501189t
    Published May 28, 2014
    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    Approximately 13 million U.S. children less than 6 years old spend some time in early childhood education (ECE) facilities where they may be exposed to potentially harmful chemicals during critical periods of development. We measured five phthalate esters in indoor dust (n = 39) and indoor and outdoor air (n = 40 and 14, respectively) at ECE facilities in Northern California. Dust and airborne concentrations were used to perform a probabilistic health risk assessment to compare estimated exposures with risk levels established for chemicals causing reproductive toxicity and cancer under California’s Proposition 65. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) were the dominant phthalates present in floor dust (medians = 172.2 and 46.8 μg/g, respectively), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) were the dominant phthalates in indoor air (medians = 0.52, 0.21, and 0.10 μg/m3, respectively). The risk assessment results indicate that 82–89% of children in California ECE had DBP exposure estimates exceeding reproductive health benchmarks. Further, 8–11% of children less than 2 years old had DEHP exposure estimates exceeding cancer benchmarks. This is the largest study to measure phthalate exposure in U.S. ECE facilities and findings indicate wide phthalate contamination and potential risk to developing children.

    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    QA/QC information, dose calculations steps, exposure factor distributions, outdoor air concentrations, indoor/outdoor air ratios, dust loading levels, sample age-specific NSRL and MADL calculations, route contribution figure, vinyl-flooring Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test results, sensitivity results, and literature review results. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

    Terms & Conditions

    Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. The American Chemical Society holds a copyright ownership interest in any copyrightable Supporting Information. Files available from the ACS website may be downloaded for personal use only. Users are not otherwise permitted to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or sell any Supporting Information from the ACS website, either in whole or in part, in either machine-readable form or any other form without permission from the American Chemical Society. For permission to reproduce, republish and redistribute this material, requesters must process their own requests via the RightsLink permission system. Information about how to use the RightsLink permission system can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    This article is cited by 136 publications.

    1. Qingyuan Dai, Peisi Xie, Hongli Tan, Jing Zhang, Fuyue Wang, Bo Lei, Zongwei Cai. Metabolomics and Lipidomics with Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveal Mechanistic Insights into Dibutyl Phthalate-Promoted Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cell Spheroids. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2024, 11 (3) , 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00048
    2. Min Dang, Mei Li, Jing Li, Ruidong Liu, Yingzhe Guo, Keyong Hou. Emissions of Formamide and Ammonia from Foam Mats: Online Measurement Based on Dopant-Assisted Photoionization TOFMS and Assessment of Their Exposure for Children. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (14) , 5646-5654. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08857
    3. Yu Wang, Fang Wang, Leilei Xiang, Chenggang Gu, Marc Redmile-Gordon, Hongjie Sheng, Ziquan Wang, Yuhao Fu, Yongrong Bian, Xin Jiang. Risk Assessment of Agricultural Plastic Films Based on Release Kinetics of Phthalate Acid Esters. Environmental Science & Technology 2021, 55 (6) , 3676-3685. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07008
    4. Congqiao Yang, Shelley Anne Harris, Liisa M. Jantunen, Jacob Kvasnicka, Linh V. Nguyen, Miriam L. Diamond. Phthalates: Relationships between Air, Dust, Electronic Devices, and Hands with Implications for Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (13) , 8186-8197. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00229
    5. Clara G. Sears, Bruce P. Lanphear, Antonia M. Calafat, Aimin Chen, Julianne Skarha, Yingying Xu, Kimberly Yolton, Joseph M. Braun. Lowering Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations among Children by Reducing Contaminated Dust in Housing Units: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Observational Study. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (7) , 4327-4335. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04898
    6. David M. Lunderberg, Kasper Kristensen, Yingjun Liu, Pawel K. Misztal, Yilin Tian, Caleb Arata, Rebecca Wernis, Nathan Kreisberg, William W. Nazaroff, Allen H. Goldstein. Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53 (13) , 7337-7346. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02123
    7. Vilma Sukiene, Natalie von Goetz, Andreas C. Gerecke, Martine I. Bakker, Christiaan J. E. Delmaar, and Konrad Hungerbühler . Direct and Air-Mediated Transfer of Labeled SVOCs from Indoor Sources to Dust. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (6) , 3269-3277. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06051
    8. Vilma Sukiene, Andreas C. Gerecke, Yu-Mi Park, Markus Zennegg, Martine I. Bakker, Christiaan J. E. Delmaar, Konrad Hungerbühler, and Natalie von Goetz . Tracking SVOCs’ Transfer from Products to Indoor Air and Settled Dust with Deuterium-Labeled Substances. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50 (8) , 4296-4303. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05906
    9. Mengyan Gong, Charles J. Weschler, and Yinping Zhang . Impact of Clothing on Dermal Exposure to Phthalates: Observations and Insights from Sampling Both Skin and Clothing. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50 (8) , 4350-4357. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00113
    10. Tran Manh Tri Duong Hong Anh Pham Manh Hoai Nguyen Hung Minh Vu Duc Nam Pham Hung Viet Tu Binh Minh . Emerging Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals in Vietnam: A Review of Environmental Occurrence and Fate in Aquatic and Indoor Environments. 2016, 223-253. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1244.ch010
    11. Chenyang Bi, Yirui Liang, and Ying Xu . Fate and Transport of Phthalates in Indoor Environments and the Influence of Temperature: A Case Study in a Test House. Environmental Science & Technology 2015, 49 (16) , 9674-9681. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02787
    12. Fangzhou Yuan, Yu Sun, Na Li, Jianping Cao, Nan Zhang, Daniel Mmereki, Zhonghua Wei, Rui Chen, Jinyu Zhou, Yousheng Xu, Zhongming Bu. Phthalates on indoor surfaces and associated exposure via surface touch behavior: Observation in university dormitories and its implications. Building and Environment 2024, 265 , 111976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111976
    13. Jun Pan, Xin Li, Ping Ding, Haojie Luo, Sha Cai, Qing Ge, Liuyi Zhang, Guocheng Hu. Levels, sources, and health risk assessment of phthalate acid esters in indoor dust of various microenvironments in university. Chemosphere 2024, 364 , 143182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143182
    14. Xiangming Tian, Boyi Qin, Li Yang, Huanhuan Li, Wenhui Zhou. Association of phthalate exposure with reproductive outcomes among infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilization: A systematic review. Environmental Research 2024, 252 , 118825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118825
    15. Li-Bo Chen, Chong-Jing Gao, Ying Zhang, Hao-Yang Shen, Xin-Yu Lu, Cenyan Huang, Xiaorong Dai, Jien Ye, Xiaoyu Jia, Kun Wu, Guojing Yang, Hang Xiao, Wan-Li Ma. Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Indoor Dust from Decoration Material Stores: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks. Toxics 2024, 12 (7) , 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070505
    16. Zichen Guo, Lixin Wang, Yatai Li, Zaixing Wu, Kexin Wang, Jiahui Duan. Dust phase and window film phase phthalates in dormitories: profile characteristics, source screening, and estimated gas-phase concentration and dermal exposure comparison. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2024, 31 (10) , 15257-15270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32019-4
    17. Xiaojun Zhou, Lingyi Kang, Xinke Wang, Hui Meng. A novel method for assessing indoor di 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) contamination and exposure based on dust-phase concentration. Chemosphere 2024, 349 , 140994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140994
    18. Zhuo Chen, Yilun Gao, Fanxuan Xia, Chenyang Bi, Jinhan Mo. Formation kinetics of SVOC organic films and their impact on child exposure in indoor environments. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 912 , 168970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168970
    19. Sarath Chandra, K. Pavithra, K. Ronnie Rex, Moitraiyee Mukhopadhyay, A. Afeez Ahamed, Paromita Chakraborty. Environmental occurrence of industrial endocrine disrupting chemicals. 2024, 169-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823897-4.00002-2
    20. Naohide Shinohara, Tomoko Oguri, Mai Takagi, Jun Ueyama, Tomohiko Isobe. Evaluating the risk of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in dust samples from 100 Japanese houses. Environment International 2024, 183 , 108399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108399
    21. Winifred U. Anake, Esther A. Nnamani. Levels and health risk assessments of Phthalate acid esters in indoor dust of some microenvironments within Ikeja and Ota, Nigeria. Scientific Reports 2023, 13 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38062-4
    22. Alice Maury-Micolier, Lei Huang, Olivier Jolliet. Coupled mass and heat transfer modelling in building envelopes to consistently assess human exposure and energy performance in indoor environments. Journal of Building Performance Simulation 2023, 16 (6) , 734-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2023.2200377
    23. Yuqing Zhu, Xinyi Huang, Chuang Geng, Jianping Cao. Thermal desorption-based method for quantifying semi-volatile organic compounds in house dust: Method development and evaluation. Indoor and Built Environment 2023, 32 (9) , 1811-1827. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X231171645
    24. Yatai Li, Jing Hou, Zukun Wang, Xilei Dai, Yuexia Sun, Junjie Liu, Yingjun Liu. Phthalate levels in Chinese residences: Seasonal and regional variations and the implication on human exposure. National Science Open 2023, 2 (6) , 20230011. https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20230011
    25. Qingyun Xu, Lulu Sun, Yinan Wang, Ruirui Wang, Yiming Jia, Daoxia Guo, Mengyao Shi, Pinni Yang, Yonghong Zhang, Zhengbao Zhu. Causal Effects of YKL‐40 on Ischemic Stroke and Its Subtypes: A 2‐Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Journal of the American Heart Association 2023, 12 (17) https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.029000
    26. Shiyi Zhang, Xiao Yan, Bin Tang, Weikeng Luo, Shejun Chen, Xiaojun Luo, Jing Zheng, Bixian Mai, Yunjiang Yu. Human hair as a noninvasive matrix to assess exposure to micro-organic contaminants: State of the art review. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 892 , 164341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164341
    27. Jonathan Tollefson, Scott Frickel, Summer Gonsalves, Thomas Marlow, Robert Sucsy, Michael Byrns, Melissa Orpen-Tuz. Early Childcare and Education in a Post-Industrial Landscape: Inequalities in Proximity to Active and Relic Manufacturing in Metropolitan Providence, Rhode Island. Environmental Justice 2023, 16 (4) , 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0121
    28. Roukaya Al Haj Ishak Al Ali, Leslie Mondamert, Jean-Marc Berjeaud, Joelle Jandry, Alexandre Crépin, Jérôme Labanowski. Application of QSAR Approach to Assess the Effects of Organic Pollutants on Bacterial Virulence Factors. Microorganisms 2023, 11 (6) , 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061375
    29. Kosuke KONDO, Naoki KAGI, Norikazu NAMIKI, Wataru UMISHIO. DEPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF INDOOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER ON HUMAN BODY SURFACES. Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 2023, 88 (806) , 316-324. https://doi.org/10.3130/aije.88.316
    30. Chun-Yan Huo, Wen-Long Li, Li-Yan Liu, Yu Sun, Jia-Qi Guo, Liang Wang, Hayley Hung, Yi-Fan Li. Seasonal variations of airborne phthalates and novel non-phthalate plasticizers in a test residence in cold regions: Effects of temperature, humidity, total suspended particulate matter, and sources. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 863 , 160852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160852
    31. Hermann Fromme. Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC). 2023, 157-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40078-0_4
    32. Hannah Gardener, Chela Wallin, Jaclyn Bowen. Heavy metal and phthalate contamination and labeling integrity in a large sample of US commercially available cannabidiol (CBD) products. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 851 , 158110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158110
    33. Xin Jin, Dingding Wu, Cun Liu, Shuhan Huang, Ziyan Zhou, Hao Wu, Xiru Chen, Meiying Huang, Shaoda Zhou, Cheng Gu. Facet effect of hematite on the hydrolysis of phthalate esters under ambient humidity conditions. Nature Communications 2022, 13 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33950-1
    34. Yaru Cao, Huiju Lin, Qi Wang, Jing Li, Mengyang Liu, Kai Zhang, Shaopeng Xu, Guangling Huang, Yuefei Ruan, Jiaxue Wu, Kenneth M.Y. Leung, Paul K.S. Lam. Significant riverine inputs of typical plastic additives-phthalate esters from the Pearl River Delta to the northern South China Sea. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 849 , 157744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157744
    35. Man Hu, Yining Zhang, Ming Zhan, Gengsheng He, Weidong Qu, Ying Zhou. Physiologically-based toxicokinetic modeling of human dermal exposure to diethyl phthalate: Application to health risk assessment. Chemosphere 2022, 307 , 135931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135931
    36. Liting Hua, Sai Guo, Jiaping Xu, Xiaomeng Yang, Hongkai Zhu, Yiming Yao, Lin Zhu, Yongcheng Li, Jingran Zhang, Hongwen Sun, Hongzhi Zhao. Phthalates in dormitory dust and human urine: A study of exposure characteristics and risk assessments of university students. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 845 , 157251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157251
    37. Yatai Li, Di Xie, Longkun He, Anqi Zhao, Lixin Wang, Nathan M. Kreisberg, John Jayne, Yingjun Liu. Dynamics of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in the indoor air of an office. Building and Environment 2022, 223 , 109446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109446
    38. Hui Gao, Juan Tong, Bei-bei Zhu, Yao Chen, Ao-xing Ye, Kun Huang, Chun-mei Liang, Xiao-yan Wu, Jie Sheng, Zhong-xiu Jin, Peng Zhu, Jia-hu Hao, Fang-biao Tao. Lag associations of gestational phthalate exposure with maternal serum vitamin D levels: Repeated measure analysis. Chemosphere 2022, 299 , 134319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134319
    39. Jiahui Duan, Lixin Wang, Sihua Zhuo, Ziyan Meng, Fang Liu, Gang Wang. Seasonal variation of airborne phthalates in classroom and dormitory, and its exposure assessment in college students. Energy and Buildings 2022, 265 , 112078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112078
    40. Wei Liu, Yuexia Sun, Ningrui Liu, Jing Hou, Xinyue Huo, Yuxuan Zhao, Yinping Zhang, Furong Deng, Haidong Kan, Zhuohui Zhao, Chen Huang, Bin Zhao, Xiangang Zeng, Hua Qian, Xiaohong Zheng, Wei Liu, Jinhan Mo, Chanjuan Sun, Chunxiao Su, Zhijun Zou, Hao Li, Jianguo Guo, Zhongming Bu. Indoor exposure to phthalates and its burden of disease in China. Indoor Air 2022, 32 (4) https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.13030
    41. Anqi Zhao, Lixin Wang, Xueying Pang, Fang Liu. Phthalates in skin wipes: Distribution, sources, and exposure via dermal absorption. Environmental Research 2022, 204 , 112041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112041
    42. Hui Gao, Juan Tong, Bei-bei Zhu, Meng-long Geng, Hong Gan, Li Sun, Xiao-yan Wu, Kun Huang, Hui Cao, Wen-wen Liu, Shu-man Tao, Peng Ding, Peng Zhu, Jia-hu Hao, Fang-biao Tao. Sex-specific mediation of placental inflammatory biomarkers in the effects of prenatal phthalate coexposure on preschooler cognitive development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2022, 29 (9) , 13305-13314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16695-0
    43. Anh Quoc Hoang, Thuy Minh Le, Ha My Nu Nguyen, Huong Quang Le, Nam Duc Vu, Ngoc Chau Chu, Giang Huong Minh Dang, Tu Binh Minh, Shin Takahashi, Tri Manh Tran. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in workplace and house dust from Vietnam: concentrations, profiles, emission sources, and exposure risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2022, 29 (10) , 14046-14057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16851-6
    44. Shuo Zhang, Elizabeth Cooper, Samuel Stamp, Katherine Curran, Dejan Mumovic. Indoor Air Quality in Day-Care Centers. 2022, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5155-5_68-1
    45. Shuo Zhang, Elizabeth Cooper, Samuel Stamp, Katherine Curran, Dejan Mumovic. Indoor Air Quality in Day-Care Centers. 2022, 1857-1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7680-2_68
    46. Suk Hyun Lee, Joanna Shen, Sze Tat Tan, Lee Ching Ng, Mingliang Fang, Shenglan Jia. Effects of architecture structure on volatile organic compound and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diffusion in Singapore's Integrated Transport Hubs. Chemosphere 2022, 287 , 132067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132067
    47. Anna R. Smith, Katherine R. Kogut, Kimberly Parra, Asa Bradman, Nina Holland, Kim G. Harley. Dietary intake and household exposures as predictors of urinary concentrations of high molecular weight phthalates and bisphenol A in a cohort of adolescents. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 2022, 32 (1) , 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00305-9
    48. Tao Huan-yu, Zhang Jiawei, Bin Li, Ge Hui, Zhang Mengtao, Guo Wei, Jianghong Shi, Li Xiaoyan. Development of Ecological Risk Assessment for Diisobutyl Phthalate and Di-N-Octyl Phthalate in Surface Waters of China Based on Species Sensitivity Distribution Model. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 262 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4112739
    49. Hannah Gardener, Chela Wallin, Jaclyn Bowen. Heavy Metal and Phthalate Contamination and Labeling Integrity in a Large Sample of Us Commercially Available Cannabinoid (Cbd) Products. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 55 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4116326
    50. Lihui Huang, Yaqi Qiao, Shunxi Deng, Xiaoke Wang, Weiping Zhao, Yang Yue. Phthalates in house dust in Chinese urban residences: Concentrations, partition, origin and determinants. Chemosphere 2022, 286 , 131703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131703
    51. Xu Li, Wenping Zhang, Jiapei Lv, Wenxiu Liu, Shanwei Sun, Changsheng Guo, Jian Xu. Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China. Environmental Sciences Europe 2021, 33 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00457-3
    52. Somayeh Abdi, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Bahareh Lorestani, Mehrdad Cheraghi, Homayon Ahmad Panahi. Analysis and health risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor dust of preschool and elementary school centers in city of Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28 (43) , 61151-61162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14845-y
    53. Zhongming Bu, Maochao Hu, Fangzhou Yuan, Yousheng Xu, Cong Dong, Nan Zhang, Daniel Mmereki, Jianping Cao, Youqu Zheng. Phthalates in Chinese vehicular environments: Source emissions, concentrations, and human exposure. Indoor Air 2021, 31 (6) , 2118-2129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12910
    54. Sarka Langer, Cynthia A. de Wit, Georgios Giovanoulis, Jenny Fäldt, Linnéa Karlson. The effect of reduction measures on concentrations of hazardous semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and dust of Swedish preschools. Indoor Air 2021, 31 (5) , 1673-1682. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12842
    55. Cong Huang, Ying-Jie Zhang, Liang-Ying Liu, Fei Wang, Ying Guo. Exposure to phthalates and correlations with phthalates in dust and air in South China homes. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 782 , 146806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146806
    56. Cassandra D. Querdibitty, Bethany Williams, Marianna S. Wetherill, Susan B. Sisson, Janis Campbell, Mary Gowin, Lancer Stephens, Alicia L. Salvatore. Environmental Health-Related Policies and Practices of Oklahoma Licensed Early Care and Education Programs: Implications for Childhood Asthma. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18 (16) , 8491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168491
    57. Meinan Qu, Lixin Wang, Fang Liu, Yi Zhao, Xiangzhao Shi, Sijia Li. Characteristics of dust-phase phthalates in dormitory, classroom, and home and non-dietary exposure in Beijing, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28 (28) , 38159-38172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13347-1
    58. Lixin Wang, Anqi Zhao, Kexin Wang, Fang Liu. Phthalates in glass window films in university dormitories in Beijing, China, and exposure implications. Building and Environment 2021, 196 , 107813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107813
    59. Yufei Wang, Haifeng Qian. Phthalates and Their Impacts on Human Health. Healthcare 2021, 9 (5) , 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050603
    60. Brenda D. Koester, Stephanie Sloane, Elinor M. Fujimoto, Barbara H. Fiese, Leona Yi-Fan Su. What Do Childcare Providers Know about Environmental Influences on Children’s Health? Implications for Environmental Health Literacy Efforts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18 (10) , 5489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105489
    61. Gladys Bonilla-Enríquez, Patricia Cano-Olivos, José-Luis Martínez-Flores, Diana Sánchez-Partida, Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales. Modeling the Hidden Risk of Polyethylene Contaminants within the Supply Chain. 2021https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93623
    62. Wenjuan Wei, Claire Dassonville, Sutharsini Sivanantham, Anthony Gregoire, Fabien Mercier, Barbara Le Bot, Laeticia Malingre, Olivier Ramalho, Mickaël Derbez, Corinne Mandin. Semivolatile organic compounds in French schools: Partitioning between the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. Indoor Air 2021, 31 (1) , 156-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12724
    63. Ya Yang, Yan Wang, Feng Tan, Zihao Zhang, Timothy F.M. Rodgers, Jingwen Chen. Pet hair as a potential sentinel of human exposure: Investigating partitioning and exposures from OPEs and PAHs in indoor dust, air, and pet hair from China. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 745 , 140934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140934
    64. Ziyan Meng, Lixin Wang, Bikai Cao, Zhisheng Huang, Fang Liu, Jinping Zhang. Indoor airborne phthalates in university campuses and exposure assessment. Building and Environment 2020, 180 , 107002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107002
    65. Veena Singla. Carcinogens in Products: Inadequate Protections Raise Cancer Risks. Trends in Cancer 2020, 6 (8) , 619-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2020.04.006
    66. Zhong-Min Wang, Yixin Zhou, Fraser W. Gaspar, Asa Bradman. Using low cost open-face passive samplers to sample PM concentration and elemental composition in childcare facilities. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2020, 22 (7) , 1502-1513. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00075B
    67. Subei Bu, Yanling Wang, Haiyan Wang, Fang Wang, Yufei Tan. Analysis of global commonly-used phthalates and non-dietary exposure assessment in indoor environment. Building and Environment 2020, 177 , 106853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106853
    68. Ke Liu, Lingyi Kang, Ao Li, Jiacheng Zheng, Xinke Wang, Xiaojun Zhou, Fenghao Wang. Field investigation on phthalates in settled dust from five different surfaces in residential apartments. Building and Environment 2020, 177 , 106856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106856
    69. Le Qian, Jia Liu, Zhipeng Lin, Xiaofeng Chen, Lilai Yuan, Gongming Shen, Wenbo Yang, Donghui Wang, Ying Huang, Sen Pang, Xiyan Mu, Chengju Wang, Yingren Li. Evaluation of the spinal effects of phthalates in a zebrafish embryo assay. Chemosphere 2020, 249 , 126144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126144
    70. Zhenwu Tang, Miao Chai, Yuwen Wang, Jiali Cheng. Phthalates in preschool children’s clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries: Occurrence, profiles and potential health risks. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 387 , 121681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121681
    71. Na Li, Liting Zhou, Jian Zhu, Te Liu, Lin Ye. Role of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase signalling pathway in di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced ovarian dysfunction: An in vivo study. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 712 , 134406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134406
    72. Zhongming Bu, Xiaoxue Xu, Qi Xu, Daniel Mmereki, Jiahui Wang, Zhu Cheng, Ke Li, Cong Dong. Indoor polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban China: An exposure and risk assessment based on settled dust from selected urban regions. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 714 , 136808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136808
    73. Dong-Wook Lee, Youn-Hee Lim, Choong-Ho Shin, Young-Ah Lee, Bung-Nyun Kim, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong. Prenatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and decreased skeletal muscle mass in 6-year-old children: A prospective birth cohort study. Environmental Research 2020, 182 , 109020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.109020
    74. Wenjuan Wei, Olivier Ramalho, Corinne Mandin. Modeling the bioaccessibility of inhaled semivolatile organic compounds in the human respiratory tract. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2020, 224 , 113436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113436
    75. Yu-Xi Feng, Nai-Xian Feng, Li-Juan Zeng, Xin Chen, Lei Xiang, Yan-Wen Li, Quan-Ying Cai, Ce-Hui Mo. Occurrence and human health risks of phthalates in indoor air of laboratories. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 707 , 135609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135609
    76. Miyuki Noguchi, Akihiro Yamasaki. Volatile and semivolatile organic compound emissions from polymers used in commercial products during thermal degradation. Heliyon 2020, 6 (3) , e03314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03314
    77. Bilgehan Başaran, Gizem Nur Soylu, Mihriban Yılmaz Civan. Concentration of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: implications for human exposure and risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27 (2) , 1808-1824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06815-2
    78. Lixin Wang, Zaixing Wu, Mengyan Gong, Ying Xu, Yinping Zhang. Non-dietary exposure to phthalates for pre-school children in kindergarten in Beijing, China. Building and Environment 2020, 167 , 106438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106438
    79. Xingzi Ouyang, Meng Xia, Xueyou Shen, Yu Zhan. Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou. Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019, 86 , 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.008
    80. Chun-Nan Huang, Yee-Hsuan Chiou, Hong-Bin Cho, Chia-Wei Lee. Children's exposure to phthalates in dust and soil in Southern Taiwan: A study following the phthalate incident in 2011. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 696 , 133685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133685
    81. Xu Zhang, Qin Wang, Tian Qiu, Song Tang, Juan Li, John P. Giesy, Ying Zhu, Xiaojian Hu, Dongqun Xu. PM2.5 bound phthalates in four metropolitan cities of China: Concentration, seasonal pattern and health risk via inhalation. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 696 , 133982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133982
    82. Susan B. Sisson, Alicia L. Salvatore, Deana Hildebrand, Tiffany Poe, Cady Merchant, Megan Slawinski, Chelsea L. Kracht, Julie A. Stoner, Naneida Alcala Lazarte, Lu Ann Faulkner Schneider, Jennifer Weber, Felecia Jones, Dianne Ward. Interventions to promote healthy environments in family child care homes in Oklahoma—Happy Healthy Homes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019, 20 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3616-9
    83. Shuhui Xu, Sicong Zhou, Liqun Xing, Peng Shi, Wei Shi, Qing Zhou, Yang Pan, Mao-Yong Song, Aimin Li. Fate of organic micropollutants and their biological effects in a drinking water source treated by a field-scale constructed wetland. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 682 , 756-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.151
    84. Hai-Ling Li, Li-Yan Liu, Zi-Feng Zhang, Wan-Li Ma, Ed Sverko, Zhi Zhang, Wei-Wei Song, Yu Sun, Yi-Fan Li. Semi-volatile organic compounds in infant homes: Levels, influence factors, partitioning, and implications for human exposure. Environmental Pollution 2019, 251 , 609-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.048
    85. Yahua Li, Jianjiang Lu, Xiaowen Yin, Zilong Liu, Yanbin Tong, Li Zhou. Indoor phthalate concentrations in residences in Shihezi, China: implications for preschool children’s exposure and risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26 (19) , 19785-19794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05335-3
    86. Shenglan Jia, Gayatri Sankaran, Bei Wang, Hongtao Shang, Sze Tat Tan, Hooi Ming Yap, Joanna Shen, Ramona Alikiiteaga Gutiérrez, Wenjuan Fang, Min Liu, Victor Wei-Chung Chang, Lee Ching Ng, Mingliang Fang. Exposure and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds and airborne phthalates in Singapore's Child Care Centers. Chemosphere 2019, 224 , 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.120
    87. Iman Al-Saleh, Serdar Coskun, Inaam Al-Doush, Tahreer Al-Rajudi, Mai Abduljabbar, Reem Al-Rouqi, Saad Al-Hassan. The extent and predictors of phthalate exposure among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2019, 191 (5) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7474-4
    88. Christina Christia, Giulia Poma, Stuart Harrad, Cynthia A. de Wit, Ylva Sjostrom, Pim Leonards, Marja Lamoree, Adrian Covaci. Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption. Environmental Research 2019, 171 , 204-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.034
    89. Zhongming Bu, Daniel Mmereki, Jiahui Wang, Cong Dong. Exposure to commonly-used phthalates and the associated health risks in indoor environment of urban China. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 658 , 843-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.260
    90. Lobna Mansouri, Chedly Tizaoui, Sven-Uwe Geissen, Latifa Bousselmi. A comparative study on ozone, hydrogen peroxide and UV based advanced oxidation processes for efficient removal of diethyl phthalate in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2019, 363 , 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.003
    91. Mingming Zhu, Jieshu Wu, Xiao Ma, Cong Huang, Rui Wu, Weiwei Zhu, Xiaoting Li, Zhaofeng Liang, Feifei Deng, Jianyun Zhu, Wei Xie, Xue Yang, Ye Jiang, Shijia Wang, Shanshan Geng, Chunfeng Xie, Caiyun Zhong. Butyl benzyl phthalate promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation through miR-34a downregulation. Toxicology in Vitro 2019, 54 , 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2018.09.007
    92. Long Wang, Ying Liu, Fan Pu, Wen Zhang, Zhongmu Zhou. Effect of Rotary Evaporator Water Bath Temperature on Recovery Rate of Phthalate Esters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2018, 101 (6) , 810-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2440-3
    93. Shanshan Shi, Bin Zhao, Junfeng (Jim) Zhang. Effect of residential air cleaning interventions on risk of cancer associated with indoor semi-volatile organic compounds: a comprehensive simulation study. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018, 2 (12) , e532-e539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30236-5
    94. Guangtao Fan, Jingchao Xie, Hiroshi Yoshino, Huibo Zhang, Zhenhai Li, Nianping Li, Jing Liu, Yang Lv, Shengwei Zhu, U. Yanagi, Kenichi Hasegawa, Naoki Kagi, Xiaojing Zhang, Jiaping Liu. Common SVOCs in house dust from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical cities of China and associated non-dietary exposure and health risk assessment. Environment International 2018, 120 , 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.031
    95. Maryam Zare Jeddi, Mohamad Eshaghi Gorji, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens, Jochem Louisse, Yuri Bruinen de Bruin, Roman Liska. Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15 (11) , 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112336
    96. Annette M. Krais, Christina Andersen, Axel C. Eriksson, Eskil Johnsson, Jörn Nielsen, Joakim Pagels, Anders Gudmundsson, Christian H. Lindh, Aneta Wierzbicka. Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15 (11) , 2514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112514
    97. Xiyan Mu, Ying Huang, Jia Li, Ke Yang, Wenbo Yang, Gongming Shen, Xuxing Li, Yunlei Lei, Sen Pang, Chengju Wang, Xuefeng Li, Yingren Li. New insights into the mechanism of phthalate-induced developmental effects. Environmental Pollution 2018, 241 , 674-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.095
    98. Mingming Zhu, Cong Huang, Xiao Ma, Rui Wu, Weiwei Zhu, Xiaoting Li, Zhaofeng Liang, Feifei Deng, Jieshu Wu, Shanshan Geng, Chunfeng Xie, Caiyun Zhong. Phthalates promote prostate cancer cell proliferation through activation of ERK5 and p38. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2018, 63 , 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.007
    99. Durba Kashyap, Tripti Agarwal. Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust: A global scenario. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 635 , 817-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.158
    100. Guang-Wen Lien, Jung-Hsuan Chen, Fang-Wei Tien, Pau-Chung Chen, Huei-Wen Chen, Hsaio-Lin Hwa, Cheng-Chung Fang, Te-I Weng, Pai-Shan Chen. Dilute-and-shoot enhances sensitivity of phthalate urinary concentrations for assessing the exposure in children. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2018, 351 , 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.050
    Load all citations
    Download PDF
    Go to Environmental Science & Technology
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 13, 7593–7601
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/es501189t
    Published May 28, 2014
    Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    2536

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    136
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.