Graphene-Enabled High-Performance Electrokinetic Focusing and Sensing

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c03054.

• Demonstration of the corrosion of a gold electrode (Figure S1); Illustration of a typical triple-stream device (Figure S2); Characterization of the CVD graphene using Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (Figure S3); pH gradients between two graphene microelectrodes at different voltage biases (Figure S4); Device–device variation (Figure S5); Normalized emission profiles for the BSA molecules and lectin molecules at different times (Figure S6); Emission profiles of the BSA molecules that are electrokinetically focused from Stream 1 to Stream 2 at different times (Figure S7); Fluorescence emission of the recognizers in Stream 3 (Figure S8); Typical sensor intensity change ratios for different unlabeled-BSA concentrations (Figure S9); Protein-detection control experiment (Figure S10); Fluorescence emission for the recognizer molecules mixing with different molecules (Figure S11) (PDF)

• Movie S1: Generation of pH gradient between two graphene microelectrodes (AVI)

• Movie S2: Separation of mixed BSA molecules and lectin molecules in a microfluidic channel (AVI)

• Movie S3: Transfer of BSA molecules from one stream to another in a microfluidic channel (AVI)

• Movie S4: Fluorescence emission arising from the binding of the recognizer molecules in Stream 3 adjacent to Stream 1 (AVI)