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Acceptor Percolation Determines How Electron-Accepting Additives Modify Transport of Ambipolar Polymer Organic Field-Effect Transistors

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:ACS Nano 2018, 12, 7, 7134-7140
    Article

    Acceptor Percolation Determines How Electron-Accepting Additives Modify Transport of Ambipolar Polymer Organic Field-Effect Transistors
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    • Michael J. Ford*
      Michael J. Ford
      Materials Department,  Center for Polymers and Organic Solids  and  Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
      *E-mail: [email protected]
      More by Michael J. Ford
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-2479
    • Ming Wang
      Ming Wang
      Center for Polymers and Organic Solids,  Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials  and  Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
      More by Ming Wang
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-6538
    • Karen C. Bustillo
      Karen C. Bustillo
      National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
      More by Karen C. Bustillo
    • Jianyu Yuan
      Jianyu Yuan
      Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
      More by Jianyu Yuan
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-1285
    • Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
      Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
      Center for Polymers and Organic Solids,  Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials  and  Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
      More by Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
    • Guillermo C. Bazan*
      Guillermo C. Bazan
      Materials Department,  Center for Polymers and Organic Solids,  Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials  and  Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
      *E-mail: [email protected]
      More by Guillermo C. Bazan
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-0310
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2018, 12, 7, 7134–7140
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03006
    Published May 31, 2018
    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that utilize ambipolar polymer semiconductors can benefit from the ability of both electron and hole conduction, which is necessary for complementary circuits. However, simultaneous hole and electron transport in organic field-effect transistors result in poor ON/OFF ratios, limiting potential applications. Solution processing methods have been developed to control charge transport properties and transform ambipolar conduction to hole-only conduction. The electron-acceptor phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), when mixed in solution with an ambipolar semiconducting polymer, can reduce electron conduction. Unipolar p-type OFETs with high, well-defined ON/OFF ratios and without detrimental effects on hole conduction are achieved for a wide range of blend compositions, from 95:5 to 5:95 wt % semiconductor polymer:PC61BM. When introducing the alternative acceptor N,N′-bis(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4:9,10-perylenediimide (PDI), high ON/OFF ratios are achieved for 95:5 wt % semiconductor polymer:PDI; however, electron conduction increases for 50:50 and 5:95 wt % semiconductor polymer:PDI. As described within, we show that electron conduction is practically eliminated when additive domains do not percolate across the OFET channel, that is, electrons are “morphologically trapped”. Morphologies were characterized by optical, electron, and atomic force microscopy as well as X-ray scattering techniques. PC61BM was substituted with an endohedral Lu3N fullerene, which enhanced contrast in electron microscopy and allowed for more detailed insight into the blend morphologies. Blends with alternative, nonfullerene acceptors further emphasize the importance of morphology and acceptor percolation, providing insights for such blends that control ambipolar transport and ON/OFF ratios.

    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03006.

    • Additional microscopy and current–voltage data (PDF)

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    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    This article is cited by 8 publications.

    1. Hyeonjin Yoo, Mingi Sung, Hyungju Ahn, Dohyun Yang, Jin Soo Yoo, Junghoon Lee, Byoung Hoon Lee. Ambipolar Charge Transport in p-Type Cyclopentadithiophene-Based Polymer Semiconductors Enabled by D–A–A–D Configuration. Chemistry of Materials 2023, 35 (22) , 9562-9571. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01570
    2. Michael J. Ford, Mitsuharu Suzuki, Colin R. Bridges, Karen C. Bustillo, Martin Seifrid, Ming Wang, Hiroko Yamada, Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, Guillermo C. Bazan. Robust Unipolar Electron Conduction Using an Ambipolar Polymer Semiconductor with Solution-Processable Blends. Chemistry of Materials 2020, 32 (16) , 6831-6837. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00234
    3. Kyumin Lee, Moon‐Ki Jeong, Eui Hyun Suh, WonJo Jeong, Jong Gyu Oh, Jaeyoung Jang, In Hwan Jung. Rational Design of Highly Soluble and Crystalline Conjugated Polymers for High‐Performance Field‐Effect Transistors. Advanced Electronic Materials 2022, 8 (5) https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202101105
    4. Chunhua Guo, Zhenxin Yang, Lingping Qin, Jiaxiu Man, Tao Zhang, Deng-Ke Wang, Zheng-Hong Lu, Qiang Zhu. Improving bias-stress stability of p-type organic field-effect transistors by suppressing electron injection. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2022, 33 (7) , 3726-3737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07564-0
    5. Xiaofeng Wu, Ruofei Jia, Jing Pan, Jinwen Wang, Wei Deng, Peng Xiao, Xiaohong Zhang, Jiansheng Jie. Improving Ideality of P‐Type Organic Field‐Effect Transistors via Preventing Undesired Minority Carrier Injection. Advanced Functional Materials 2021, 31 (19) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202100202
    6. Tharindu A. Ranathunge, L. P. Tharika Nirmani, Toby L. Nelson, Davita L. Watkins. Benzodithiophene‐ S,S ‐tetraoxide (BDTT) as an Acceptor Towards Donor‐Acceptor (D‐A)‐Type Semiconducting Electropolymers. ChemElectroChem 2021, 8 (6) , 1141-1148. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100219
    7. Colin R. Bridges, Thomas Baumgartner. Lewis acids and bases as molecular dopants for organic semiconductors. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2020, 33 (9) https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4077
    8. Peng Wei, Xianglong Li, Lei Wang, Nannan Liu, Shi He, Yurong Ren, Yuanwei Zhu, Yaodong Yang, Guanghao Lu, Laju Bu. Vertical‐Resolved Composition and Aggregation Gradient of Conjugated‐Polymer@Insulator‐Matrix for Transistors and Memory. Advanced Electronic Materials 2020, 6 (4) https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201901156
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    ACS Nano

    Cite this: ACS Nano 2018, 12, 7, 7134–7140
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03006
    Published May 31, 2018
    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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