ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications
CONTENT TYPES

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7, 3513-3520
RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT

Atmospheric Measurements of the Physical Evolution of Aircraft Exhaust Plumes

View Author Information
Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica Massachusetts 01821, United States
*Phone: 978-932-0266, e-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 7, 3513–3520
Publication Date (Web):January 28, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1021/es304349c
Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society
Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    833

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    36
    LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS
    Other access options
    Get e-Alerts
    Supporting Info (1)»
    SUBJECTS:

    Abstract

    Abstract Image

    Drawing from a series of field measurement activities including the Alternative Aviation Fuels Experiments (AAFEX1 and AAFEX2), we present experimental measurements of particle number, size, and composition-resolved mass that describe the physical and chemical evolution of aircraft exhaust plumes on the time scale of 5 s to 2–3 min. As the plume ages, the particle number emission index initially increases by a factor of 10–50, due to gas-to-particle formation of a nucleation/growth mode, and then begins to fall with increased aging. Increasing the fuel sulfur content causes the initial increase to occur more rapidly. The contribution of the nucleation/growth mode to the overall particle number density is most pronounced at idle power and decreases with increasing engine power. Increasing fuel sulfur content, but not fuel aromatic content causes the nucleation/growth mode to dominate the particle number emissions at higher powers than for a fuel with “normal” sulfur and aromatic content. Particle size measurements indicate that the observed particle number emissions trends are due to continuing gas-to-particle conversion and coagulation growth of the nucleation/growth mode particles, processes which simultaneously increase particle mass and reduce particle number density. Measurements of nucleation/growth mode mass are consistent with the interpretation of particle number and size data and suggest that engine exit plane measurements may underestimate the total particle mass by as much as a factor of between 5 and 10.

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. You can change your affiliated institution below.

    Supporting Information

    ARTICLE SECTIONS
    Jump To

    An aerial view of the AAFEX-2 test site, overlaid with the Mobile Laboratory positions logged by the GPS; a table describing the instruments used during the AAFEX campaigns; a discussion of size cut-offs and diameter measurements; a figure showing data from a representative plume encounter, the expressions used for EI calculation, a description of quality control protocol; description of plume age estimation methods; safety notes; a figure comparing EIm-soot measurements made in the plumes to those made at the engine test stand; and a figure providing preliminary data of chemical plume aging. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

    Terms & Conditions

    Electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. The American Chemical Society holds a copyright ownership interest in any copyrightable Supporting Information. Files available from the ACS website may be downloaded for personal use only. Users are not otherwise permitted to reproduce, republish, redistribute, or sell any Supporting Information from the ACS website, either in whole or in part, in either machine-readable form or any other form without permission from the American Chemical Society. For permission to reproduce, republish and redistribute this material, requesters must process their own requests via the RightsLink permission system. Information about how to use the RightsLink permission system can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    This article is cited by 36 publications.

    1. Xiaole Zhang, Matthias Karl, Luchi Zhang, Jing Wang. Influence of Aviation Emission on the Particle Number Concentration near Zurich Airport. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (22) , 14161-14171. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02249
    2. John S. Kinsey, William Squier, Michael Timko, Yuanji Dong, Russell Logan. Characterization of the Fine Particle Emissions from the Use of Two Fischer–Tropsch Fuels in a CFM56-2C1 Commercial Aircraft Engine. Energy & Fuels 2019, 33 (9) , 8821-8834. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00780
    3. N. Hudda, M. C. Simon, W. Zamore, D. Brugge, and J. L. Durant . Aviation Emissions Impact Ambient Ultrafine Particle Concentrations in the Greater Boston Area. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50 (16) , 8514-8521. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01815
    4. N. Hudda and S. A. Fruin . International Airport Impacts to Air Quality: Size and Related Properties of Large Increases in Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50 (7) , 3362-3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05313
    5. Chung-Hsuan Huang and Randy L. Vander Wal . Effect of Soot Structure Evolution from Commercial Jet Engine Burning Petroleum Based JP-8 and Synthetic HRJ and FT Fuels. Energy & Fuels 2013, 27 (8) , 4946-4958. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef400576c
    6. Liam D. Smith, Joseph Harper, Eliot Durand, Andrew Crayford, Mark Johnson, Hugh Coe, Paul I. Williams. Examination of the Influence of Alternative Fuels on Particulate Matter Properties Emitted from a Non-Proprietary Combustor. Atmosphere 2024, 15 (3) , 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030308
    7. Marita Voogt, Peter Zandveld, Hans Erbrink, Danielle van Dinther, Pim van den Bulk, Gerard Kos, Marcus Blom, Dave de Jonge, Harald Helmink, Jennes Meydam, Jaap Visser, Jan Middel, Gerard Hoek, Sjoerd van Ratingen, Joost Wesseling, Nicole AH. Janssen. Assessment of the applicability of a model for aviation-related ultrafine particle concentrations for use in epidemiological studies. Atmospheric Environment 2023, 309 , 119884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119884
    8. Zhiqiang Han, Yipeng Yao, Wei Tian, Xueshun Wu, Gengyuan He, Qi Xia. Effect of hydrocarbon condensation on fouling and heat exchange efficiency in EGR cooler. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2023, 184 , 107898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.107898
    9. Nobuyuki Takegawa, Anna Nagasaki, Akihiro Fushimi, Yuji Fujitani, Yoshiko Murashima, Hiromu Sakurai. Volatility of aircraft exhaust ultrafine particles inferred from field measurements at Narita International Airport. Atmospheric Environment 2023, 292 , 119391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119391
    10. Bethan Owen, Julien G. Anet, Nicolas Bertier, Simon Christie, Michele Cremaschi, Stijn Dellaert, Jacinta Edebeli, Ulf Janicke, Jeroen Kuenen, Ling Lim, Etienne Terrenoire. Review: Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft. Atmosphere 2022, 13 (8) , 1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081230
    11. Cuiqi Zhang, Longfei Chen, Shuiting Ding, Xingfan Zhou, Rui Chen, Xiaole Zhang, Zhenhong Yu, Jing Wang. Mitigation effects of alternative aviation fuels on non-volatile particulate matter emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines: A review. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 820 , 153233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153233
    12. Zhirong Liang, Zhenhong Yu, Chi Zhang, Longfei Chen. IVOC/SVOC and size distribution characteristics of particulate matter emissions from a modern aero-engine combustor in different operational modes. Fuel 2022, 314 , 122781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122781
    13. D. B. Kittelson, J. Swanson, M. Aldridge, R. A. Giannelli, J. S. Kinsey, J. A. Stevens, D. S. Liscinsky, D. Hagen, C. Leggett, K. Stephens, B. Hoffman, R. Howard, R. W. Frazee, W. Silvis, T. McArthur, P. Lobo, S. Achterberg, M. Trueblood, K. Thomson, L. Wolff, K. Cerully, T. Onasch, R. Miake-Lye, A. Freedman, W. Bachalo, G. Payne. Experimental verification of principal losses in a regulatory particulate matter emissions sampling system for aircraft turbine engines. Aerosol Science and Technology 2022, 56 (1) , 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2021.1971152
    14. Joel C. Corbin, Tobias Schripp, Bruce E. Anderson, Greg J. Smallwood, Patrick LeClercq, Ewan C. Crosbie, Steven Achterberg, Philip D. Whitefield, Richard C. Miake-Lye, Zhenhong Yu, Andrew Freedman, Max Trueblood, David Satterfield, Wenyan Liu, Patrick Oßwald, Claire Robinson, Michael A. Shook, Richard H. Moore, Prem Lobo. Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2022, 15 (10) , 3223-3242. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3223-2022
    15. Remigiusz Jasiński, Paula Kurzawska, Radosław Przysowa. Characterization of Particle Emissions from a DGEN 380 Small Turbofan Fueled with ATJ Blends. Energies 2021, 14 (12) , 3368. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123368
    16. Nobuyuki Takegawa, Yoshiko Murashima, Akihiro Fushimi, Kentaro Misawa, Yuji Fujitani, Katsumi Saitoh, Hiromu Sakurai. Characteristics of sub-10 nm particle emissions from in-use commercial aircraft observed at Narita International Airport. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2021, 21 (2) , 1085-1104. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1085-2021
    17. Florian Ungeheuer, Dominik van Pinxteren, Alexander L. Vogel. Identification and source attribution of organic compounds in ultrafine particles near Frankfurt International Airport. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2021, 21 (5) , 3763-3775. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3763-2021
    18. Prem Lobo, Lukas Durdina, Benjamin T. Brem, Andrew P. Crayford, Mark P. Johnson, Greg J. Smallwood, Frithjof Siegerist, Paul I. Williams, Elizabeth A. Black, Andrea Llamedo, Kevin A. Thomson, Max B. Trueblood, Zhenhong Yu, Donald E. Hagen, Philip D. Whitefield, Richard C. Miake-Lye, Theo Rindlisbacher. Comparison of standardized sampling and measurement reference systems for aircraft engine non-volatile particulate matter emissions. Journal of Aerosol Science 2020, 145 , 105557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105557
    19. Zhenhong Yu, Michael T. Timko, Scott C. Herndon, Richard, C. Miake-Lye, Andreas J. Beyersdorf, Luke D. Ziemba, Edward L. Winstead, Bruce E. Anderson. Mode-specific, semi-volatile chemical composition of particulate matter emissions from a commercial gas turbine aircraft engine. Atmospheric Environment 2019, 218 , 116974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116974
    20. Roy M. Harrison, David C. S. Beddows, Mohammed S. Alam, Ajit Singh, James Brean, Ruixin Xu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond. Interpretation of particle number size distributions measured across an urban area during the FASTER campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2019, 19 (1) , 39-55. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-39-2019
    21. Veli-Matti Kerminen, Xuemeng Chen, Ville Vakkari, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Federico Bianchi. Atmospheric new particle formation and growth: review of field observations. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13 (10) , 103003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aadf3c
    22. Rima Habre, Hui Zhou, Sandrah P. Eckel, Temuulen Enebish, Scott Fruin, Theresa Bastain, Edward Rappaport, Frank Gilliland. Short-term effects of airport-associated ultrafine particle exposure on lung function and inflammation in adults with asthma. Environment International 2018, 118 , 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.031
    23. Max B. Trueblood, Prem Lobo, Donald E. Hagen, Steven C. Achterberg, Wenyan Liu, Philip D. Whitefield. Application of a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer for characterizing PM emissions in exhaust plumes from an aircraft engine burning conventional and alternative fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2018, 18 (23) , 17029-17045. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17029-2018
    24. Enis T. Turgut, Oznur Usanmaz. An assessment of cruise NOx emissions of short-haul commercial flights. Atmospheric Environment 2017, 171 , 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.10.013
    25. Remigiusz Jasiński, . Number and mass analysis of particles emitted by aircraft engine. MATEC Web of Conferences 2017, 118 , 00023. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201711800023
    26. Erin A. Riley, Timothy Gould, Kris Hartin, Scott A. Fruin, Christopher D. Simpson, Michael G. Yost, Timothy Larson. Ultrafine particle size as a tracer for aircraft turbine emissions. Atmospheric Environment 2016, 139 , 20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.016
    27. Wonsik Choi, Suzanne E. Paulson. Closing the ultrafine particle number concentration budget at road-to-ambient scale: Implications for particle dynamics. Aerosol Science and Technology 2016, 50 (5) , 448-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1155104
    28. Hsi-Wu Wong, Mina Jun, Jay Peck, Ian A. Waitz, Richard C. Miake-Lye. Roles of Organic Emissions in the Formation of Near Field Aircraft-Emitted Volatile Particulate Matter: A Kinetic Microphysical Modeling Study. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 2015, 137 (7) https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029366
    29. Prem Lobo, Donald E. Hagen, Philip D. Whitefield, David Raper. PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study. Atmospheric Environment 2015, 104 , 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.020
    30. Morten Winther, Uffe Kousgaard, Thomas Ellermann, Andreas Massling, Jacob Klenø Nøjgaard, Matthias Ketzel. Emissions of NO x , particle mass and particle numbers from aircraft main engines, APU's and handling equipment at Copenhagen Airport. Atmospheric Environment 2015, 100 , 218-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.045
    31. S. Unterstrasser, N. Görsch. Aircraft‐type dependency of contrail evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2014, 119 (24) https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022642
    32. Hsi-Wu Wong, Mina Jun, Jay Peck, Ian A. Waitz, Richard C. Miake-Lye. Detailed Microphysical Modeling of the Formation of Organic and Sulfuric Acid Coatings on Aircraft Emitted Soot Particles in the Near Field. Aerosol Science and Technology 2014, 48 (9) , 981-995. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.953243
    33. Michael T. Timko, Simon E. Albo, Timothy B. Onasch, Edward C. Fortner, Zhenhong Yu, Richard C. Miake-Lye, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Nga Lee Ng, Douglas R. Worsnop. Composition and Sources of the Organic Particle Emissions from Aircraft Engines. Aerosol Science and Technology 2014, 48 (1) , 61-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.857758
    34. A. J. Beyersdorf, M. T. Timko, L. D. Ziemba, D. Bulzan, E. Corporan, S. C. Herndon, R. Howard, R. Miake-Lye, K. L. Thornhill, E. Winstead, C. Wey, Z. Yu, B. E. Anderson. Reductions in aircraft particulate emissions due to the use of Fischer–Tropsch fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2014, 14 (1) , 11-23. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11-2014
    35. Marc E. J. Stettler, Jacob J. Swanson, Steven R. H. Barrett, Adam M. Boies. Updated Correlation Between Aircraft Smoke Number and Black Carbon Concentration. Aerosol Science and Technology 2013, 47 (11) , 1205-1214. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.829908
    36. Ulrich Schumann, Philipp Jeßberger, Christiane Voigt. Contrail ice particles in aircraft wakes and their climatic importance. Geophysical Research Letters 2013, 40 (11) , 2867-2872. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50539
    Download PDF

    Pair your accounts.

    Export articles to Mendeley

    Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

    Pair your accounts.

    Export articles to Mendeley

    Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

    You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

    STEP 1:
    Click to create an ACS ID

    Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

    Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

    Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

    MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
    Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect